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GLC & MNC in Malaysia

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In Malaysia, government-linked companies (GLC) and multinational corporations (MNC) are different. In literature studies, it is found out that multinational corporations are not only reliable with a good reputation but also they are successful. On the other hand, GLCs are often indulged in fraudulent practices or mismanagement. The state-owned enterprises are considered as the leading providers of basic necessities such as utilities, postal, public transport, airports, sewerage, and construction.  The Malaysian GLCs make 5% of the total national workforce, which is also a 36% of the stock exchange market. This capitalization is worth 54% in Kuala Lumpur Index (Surbaini, K.N., 2018). The discussion provides that government-linked companies are significant in the Malaysian economy, so there should be intensive research in this regard.

GLCs are considered hybrid companies that can get financial returns only when they accomplish their social responsibilities—these small earlier public enterprises or government agencies that served social purposes. The privatization policy in Malaysia was introduced in the 1980s that was on the belief that it will drive government-based agencies to help them become cost-effective. Despite privatization, all the hold of government was maintained on GLCs. The government is a supreme body that can exercise its power to control all the activities, appoint senior management, as well as the board of directors. In addition to this, the decision making, strategy formulation, divestment, and acquisition-based decisions were also conducted by the government (Yazid, A.S., Hussin, M.R., and Daud, W.N.W., 2011).

Due to all these conditions, the financial performance of these companies was not favorable, so the government remained concerned about it. In Malaysia, it is also argued that GLCs are large, so there are main problems of strategic direction and internal control. The other arising issues are low productivity, high gearing ratio, handling of procurement, and less effective performance management systems. However, the dual objectives GLCs have to consider are the maximization of the return of shareholders. Rewarding and evaluating employees is also a big issue because there is a weak linkage in reward and performance. It is argued in studies that employees in GLCs are prone to inflate their accomplishments, while seniors are in a better position to use corporate ladder for their own benefits (Kumaran, V.V., Abdullah, H. and Hussin, F., 2015).

On the contrary, the MNCs in Malaysia are manufacturing firms that are based on import substitution production. The main areas linked to MNCs are chemicals, foods, and pharmaceuticals. After Vietnam and Thailand, Malaysia is the third favorite country for foreign direct investment. In MNCs, the export margin is high, so dramatic transformation was seen in 1970, and in the 1980s, the domestic market became a secondary manufacturing hub. Foreign direct investment has a strong role in any country’s economy. The MNCs in Malaysia is promoting domestic firms with this concept, so advanced technologies are better attracted under spin-off firms, subcontracting, and training and OEM activities. The government is providing significant support to MNCs to flourish and invite foreign direct investment by promoting the labor industry, quality investment, and provoking in discretionary authority. Multinational corporations are conducting business activities under franchise and joint venture setup (Lau, Y.W., 2013).

In Malaysia, multinational corporations from more than 60 countries are investing, and 182 international procurement centers are built. Germany, the US, Japan, are the leading countries that are interested in foreign direct investment. The electronics and manufacturing goods make most of the export. MNCs role to promote trade and international growth relations cannot be ignored. They also provide a significant incentive to the economy to establish subsidiaries that can give benefits in the long run (Issham, I., Fazilah, A.S.M., Hwa, 2008). Some crucial incentives are the taxation allowances, rights of ownership for investment, high tech industries involvement, and regional relationships that offer learning opportunities and enhance research and development activities. Government is a preeminent body that can practice its capacity to control all the exercises, choose senior administration, just as top managerial staff.

The environment for MNCs in Malaysia is conducive that allows for development and self-improvement for employees. The most crucial factor that promotes the growth of MNCs in an economy is the management of employees (Norhayati, M. and Siti‐Nabiha, A., 2009). Managing employee sand performance through reward and appraisal increases efficiency and retains them. If employees in any organization feel less encouraged and motivated, it directly impacts their productivity. The role of MNC in managing trade is also significant due to globalization. The focus of Malaysia on its MNCs is considerable in terms of managing incentives, giving them tax breaks, and maintaining employment prospects for people (Norhayati, M. and Siti‐Nabiha, A., 2009).

Part of the growth in MNCs is linked to the strategic roles that foreign factories perform, such as source factory, offshore factory, output, and contributory factory & lead factory. These factories focus on product development and life cycles. They also offer the saturated and fragmented market that is aligned on increased demand from customers, rapid process advancement, and technology-based dynamic situations. In Malaysia, MNCs are working as a powerful vehicle that is supporting production and capital based functions (Surbaini, K.N., 2018). These functions are not limited but extended to technical and managerial skills/knowledge across the globe. Diversity is also the critical element to consider in MNCs.

Since 2004, the Malaysian government has undertaken the initiatives to expand the scope of GLCs as per their competitors in the same regions. This program was known as the transformation of GLCs, and it was established to intensify the culture of commercial orientation. A committee known as Putrajaya High Performance worked in 2005 to follow this transformation program, so a quarterly report was set up to implement the government policies (Kumaran, V.V., Abdullah, H. and Hussin, F., 2015). Due to the GLC management, many restructuring processes were developed. The khazanah National Bhd was redeveloped, and composition initiatives under key performance indicators were introduced. GLCs in Malaysia have enhanced accountability structure and established divisional accounting.

The role of multinational companies in Malaysia is considered exploitative that is hostile to human rights and also devastating stablished communities. This process is linked to development, which is unfavorable for the local communities. GLCs are working under the strategic challenges of talent management to improve policies and practices regarding the virtual workplace, labor market, and diverse workforce. Tenaga Nasional Berhad in Malaysia is the largest utility company. The electricity company is most efficient and involved in the distribution, transmission, and generation of electricity with excellence. Taking this company as an example, the employees’ competencies in the company are enhanced and promoted under structural programs to improve efficiency (Tahir, W.M.M.W. and Sinnasamy, G., 2012).

To talk about multinational corporations in Malaysia, the foreign subsidiary is promoted by dual imperatives of the parent company. There is a growing trend of MNCs to leverage the best practices for organizations across their companies/subsidiaries so that organizational skills can be improved allover in the world. Some traditional literature assumes that corporate headquarters are responsible for the decision making aspects and foreign subsidiaries’ capabilities. Due to cultural differences, MNCs are facing issues in these companies yet joint ventures are also facing conflicting pressures. Moreover, the dynamic, methodology definition, divestment, and procurement based choices were additionally led by the government. Because of every one of these conditions, the money related execution of these organizations was not good so the government stayed worried about it. GLCs are involved in talent management activities to establish a competent workforce just according to the vision and mission of the company. It is argued that to revive the private investment, the government has to consider policy and investment plans to management talent (Wahab, S.N.A.A. and Ramli, N.A., 2013). To achieve talent management expertise, the government has to introduce divestment plans, but GLCs in Malaysia are facing issues regarding the acquisition of finance and property developers. GLCs are crowding out the options of investment, yet no empirical evidence is supporting it. The role of GLCs cannot be ignored for the development of the economy because they have a commercial objective and also involve in management position, financing, restructuring, and contract awards. These companies and affiliate subsidiaries are promoting development. Most of these GLCs are associated with banking, communication, agriculture, and retail trade so there is strategic involvement. In Malaysia, it is likewise contended that GLCs are huge in size, so there are primary issues of key heading and central control. The remote direct venture has a stable job in any nation’s economy (Yazid, A.S., Hussin, M.R. and Daud, W.N.W., 2011).

The intra-firm organizational network is aligned on MNCs while its main categories are autonomous, active, receptive, and quiescent subsidiaries. The responsive industries are integrated ones while MNC’s operations hold little power when related to local markets. The autonomous subsidiaries are not so much integrated with MNC’s services and networking. The MNCs in Malaysia are advancing local firms with this idea, so trend-setting innovations are better pulled in underside project firms, subcontracting, and preparing and related exercises. Both MNC and GLCs are significant for the economic development of Malaysia.

References

Issham, I., Fazilah, A.S.M., Hwa, Y.S., Kamil, A.A., Ayub, A.A. and Ayub, M.A., 2008. Economic value added (eva) as a performance measurement for glcs vs non-glcs: evidence from bursa malaysia. Prague Economic Papers, 17(2), pp.168–179.

Kumaran, V.V., Abdullah, H. and Hussin, F., 2015. Growth Slowdowns and Role of Government Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 21(6), pp.2073–2076.

Lau, Y.W., 2013. Government-linked companies (GLCs) performance – a structuration perspective: Malaysian evidence. International Journal of Critical Accounting, 5(2), p.213.

Norhayati, M. and Siti‐Nabiha, A., 2009. A case study of the performance management system in a Malaysian government linked company. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 5(2), pp.243–276.

Surbaini, K.N., 2018. Training Effectiveness And Employee Performance In A Malaysian Government-Linked Company.

Tahir, W.M.M.W. and Sinnasamy, G., 2012. Dividend policy: Evidence of Government-Linked Companies (GLCs). 2012 International Conference on Innovation Management and Technology Research.

Wahab, S.N.A.A. and Ramli, N.A., 2013. Determinants of Capital Structure: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysian Listed Government Linked Companies (GLCs). SSRN Electronic Journal.

Yazid, A.S., Hussin, M.R. and Daud, W.N.W., 2011. An Examination of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Practices among the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia. International Business Research, 4(4).

 

MEMORIAL MUSEUMS: Promises and Limits & THE KIGALI GENOCIDE MEMORIAL CENTRE: Building a “Lasting Peace”

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Memorial museums are meant to be about both memory and thinking in the form of historical understanding. They are also aimed at inspiring emotional responses and empathy.

There are three primary functions that memorial museums are created to fulfill. The first is their role as a mechanism of truth-telling about the history and preserving the past; they aim to be houses of history where the past is uncovered, documented, and maintained, and the “truth” about what happened is disclosed to their tourists. The second is their “memorial” function, which is to serve as a place of healing and repair; they are a form of symbolic reparation that seeks to give acknowledgment to the victims and serve as a solemn space of mourning and remembrance in the effort to help heal a community. The final function embodies what is most unique about these museums: they are intended to morally educate visitors to internalize an ethic of “never again.”

Memorial museums consider themselves to be the first warning to the present and the future about the dangers of division and ideology. Their most important goal is to prevent future genocide, human rights abuses, and violence.

There is reason to hope that these museums will actually contribute to a more peaceful and democratic present and future. Memorial museums will doubtless play a role as the politics of the past are renegotiated. However, it’s not clear if this role will be to reinforce the hegemony of the nation and its power structures or to uphold the values of inclusion, tolerance, and democracy that memorial museums are meant to embody and that seem to be currently under attack.

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In 2004, the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre was dedicated to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide that killed more than 250,000 around the city of Kigali.

Political legitimacy today depends on coming to terms with the past, and memorial museums are one of the essential mechanisms for legitimating nations or groups in the eyes of the international community. In Rwanda, the political use of memory of the genocide has the capacity to be very troubling, as many people would argue that the current Rwandan governmentdoes not deserve the international political legitimacy that a memorial museum can help to bestow on a regime.

The political and social context of genocide remembrance in Rwanda compromises the Kigali Centre’s ambitious goals of fostering tolerance and reconciliation and working to prevent genocide.

At first glance, the Kigali Centre is troubling because it was designed and conceived by a British organization, implying something of a “colonial” memory project foisted on Rwandans.

The Kigali Centre, rather than self-reflexively facing the past and trying to learn from it, in many ways reinforces the government’s hegemonic narrative of the genocide. Despite the politicization of the past in the Kigali Centre and by the Rwandan government, the “regretful” posture toward the past that the Kagame regime has assumed does indeed appear to legitimize his rule that would otherwise not conform to liberal democratic standards. The past that is presented in the Kigali Centre is not yet past, and so the goals and efforts of preventing future violence, dictatorship, or genocide that all memorial museums embrace remain to be truly tested in the case of Rwanda.

References

Sodaro, Amy, MEMORIAL MUSEUMS: Promises and Limits

Sodaro, Amy, THE KIGALI GENOCIDE MEMORIAL CENTRE: Building a “Lasting Peace”

THE MUSEUM OF MEMORY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: “A Living Museum for Chile’s Memory”

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The Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos (Museum of Memory and Human Rights [MMHR]) opened in Chile in 2010 and was influenced by the Holocaust memory. The Museum is intended to remember and educate about the human rights abuses of the brutal military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet from 1973 to 1990. It is hence both a form of reparation to the victims and a site of education.

As the global “Pinochet effect” following his arrest in London demonstrates, Chile’s struggle to confront its violent past is linked with the broader rise of international human rights in the second half of the twentieth century, which itself is tied to the emergence of memory and coming to terms with the past as a preoccupation for nations.

Since division remains in Chilean society over Pinochet’s rule, the story that the Museum tells is strictly limited in relation to the military dictatorship.To make sense of the past and prevent such violence in the future, the causes and consequences must be explained and understood.

The MMHR is very much a part of what can be seen as a global memory culture though a little limited in its nature. However, through its public, the MMHR seeks to address human rights issues beyond Chile. But the important question remains of whether memory and memorial museums can heal whatever healing potential of memory may exist that often eclipsed by political agendas and expediencies.

In 2014, the National September 11 Memorial Museum opened to the public and made historical framing in itself an essential. Instead of memory complementing the historical narrative, the history in the 9/11 Museum is meant to be made out of individual memories.

Entering the exhibit, the museum experience drastically changes. Photography is allowed in Foundation Hall. As the crush of visitors squeeze their way through a revolving door, they are reminded that no photography is allowed inside the historical exhibit. Instead, apparently, all senses are to be focused on learning the history of 9/11. And while the pavilion, the descent, and Foundation Hall are all characterized by their full scale and massive proportions, suddenly, the Museum feels cramped, claustrophobic, chaotic, and uncomfortable. Thus begins the 9/11 experience. Ultimately, the final room, “Beyond Recovery,” opens with questions about the ongoing effects of 9/11and the continued threat of terrorism. In Memoriam, the walls of the room are lined with photos of the almost three thousand victims of 9/11 and the 1993 World Trade Center attack.

The Museum also has a set of educational and public programs and a sophisticated website intended to reach far beyond the already massive audience of the Museum itself. After the experience of the historical exhibition, it seems that any and all tactics for protecting Americans are critically needed and fully justified. In its minute detail of the destruction and traumatic rendering of the 102 minutes, the Museum’s historical exhibition gives visitors such a forceful emotional experience of 9/11 that they cannot help but come away from the historical exhibition deeply horrified and angry.

While the Museum will find a way to stand up for the values it is meant to promote, the ahistorical narrative created in and by the Museum may help fuel the kinds of dangerous rhetoric that threatens them.

References

Sodaro, Amy, THE MUSEUM OF MEMORY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: “A Living Museum for Chile’s Memory”

Sodaro, Amy, THE NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM: “To Bear Solemn Witness”

Debating History and Memory: Examining the Controversy Surrounding Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking

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The English speaking people recognize Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nanking to be one of the best books about the Nanking Massacre.  The Massacre took place between 1937-1938 as advancing Japanese troops captured and occupied the Chinese capital. During this, over a hundred thousand Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were killed, and widespread instances of rape, looting, arson, and violence occurred. Although criticized in some quarters for inflating the number of civilians killed or for taking liberties in defining the geographical span or time of the Massacre, Chang’s book is most important for having thrust the issue of Nanking into public consciousness beyond China and Japan.

Examining different groups’ interests in remembering and interpreting events like the Nanking Massacre or the atomic bombing of Hiroshima can reveal “conflicting obsessions” in memory-making and ultimately how public debate and historical interpretations are developed. The onus is on readers to think critically beyond the confines of one text and explore issues and ideas in greater depth. It is problematic for historians that many narratives in one book could give a complete or perfect “window” onto the past.

But even casual readers may notice or critique some of the book’s oft-cited problems, such as the intemperate language or clear bias against Japan throughout. The readers’ reactions also reveal several essential details concerning history and memory.

The Rape of Nanking can also be taken as a cautionary lesson for historians and the reading public. Deliberately presenting a false or misleading account of the past is professionally unacceptable for writers and researchers of history. Historians need to be sensitive to the kinds of interpretations they can draw from their sources, be specific with the definitions and methodologies they apply, and be willing to correct errors in their work. Vigilance from the historical community raises awareness of problematic narratives and can help lessen some of the damage.

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The centenary year of the Armenian genocide witnessed an escalation in cultural production and both political and academic focus. It is essential to point out how the centenary has challenged the context within which the genocide is approached.

The genocide did not end in itself – it was followed by a denialist project that continues to challenge and undermine the memories of the survivors and the claims of their widespread descendants.

The centenary was a turning point that represented a culmination of the boom in cultural production, alongside an overwhelming validation of the genocide. The energy around these proliferating projects during the centenary year catapulted a merging of history and memory that ended up in a subtle yet sublime shift in the understanding of the Armenian genocide.

For the first time in 2015, 24 April was declared a public holiday in the country, and most political parties and religious leaders spoke out in support of its wider acknowledgment. The commemoration of the centenary in Lebanon reflected the realities of the Armenian community there, their apparent security and longevity, alongside an underlying precariousness that can erupt at any moment. The commemorations and discourse were reflective of the highly politicized sectarian nature of the state and society in Lebanon.

The commemorations were an impetus for many diasporans: to reflect upon questions about who has the responsibility and authority to represent and mediate the collective past and present. Gourevitch (2014) said that “memory can feel like an affliction, and the greater imperative has often been to learn how to forget enough for long enough to live in the present.” The centenary may be seen as a turning point for the Armenian diaspora and also as a celebration of resilience, while also a release from the burden of history.

References

Ropers, Eric, Debating History and Memory: Examining the Controversy Surrounding Iris Chang’s The Rape of Nankin (2017)

Kasbarian, Sossie, The politics of memory and commemoration: Armenian diasporic reflections on 2015, (2018)

Sites of Counter-Memory: The Refusal to Forget and the Nationalist Struggle in Colonial Delhi

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Nationalist movements can be used to study how memory and forgetfulness brought into play as political resources. Recalling the historical events of the sub-continent and the surrounding violence provides evidence for the nationalistic struggles.

The theoretical approaches to analyze nationalist historiographies in the Indian memory include how colonialism legitimized itself, how the “native” experiences were thought of as “letting go,” how nationalist groups refused to forget hurtful memories, and how the melancholia suffered metamorphosed into counter-memory.

Paying attention to the conflicts between Hindus and Sikhs highlights how anticolonial unity worked between the communities. Foucault pushed to study discontinuity and periods of “reversal of forces” to understand history effectively. He also built on Nietzsche’s work and pointed out three means of recounting history, namely antiquarian, monumental, and effective.

However, the forgetting of history might give rise to novel identities instead of preserving the older ones. Here the counter-memory made into normative in the past can lead to a conformist history. Many authors have put forward that history should be normative and effective, and this might not confine the past to the past, but its impact will be felt in the present, like the partition of India and Pakistan. Other examples include Emma Tarlo’s recollection of memories from the “Emergency” in Delhi during 1975-77 and the Gurdwara incident.

While Das has demonstrated that Sikh and Hindu identity reasoning depends on forgetfulness, many studies on counter-memory can help people understand the non-obligatory value of the dominant narrative and aid in removing contradictions between present identities and the past memories.

 

The street name system in colonial Singapore was founded on the European interpretation of the urbanization framework. Simultaneously there was another system of naming streets that was primarily found in the Asian immigrant localities. A focus on functionality and purpose, as well as the origin, seemed to resonate in the street names.

Regardless of the native systems, official names derived from British places continued to abound. The names of British counties and urban centers inspired road names such as Dorset Road, Norfolk Road, Bristol Road, and Shrewsbury Road.

Although municipal authorities attempted to choose street names recognizing Asian communities where that was deemed appropriate, most municipal street names honored the perceptions of power-holding Europeans rather than those of the residents of specific areas

The contrast between corporate and Asian street names went beyond differences in etymological content and phonetics. The two systems also represented different ways of signifying the landscape. Whereas municipal street names primarily sought to identify the urban landscape with civic notions of appropriateness and ordering, Chinese nomenclature was firmly anchored to local features, symbols, and activities that formed a significant role in daily experience.

Municipal attempts to enhance the acceptability and the usage of official street names among the Asian communities had limited success.

As a process, the naming of places in Singapore was not the simple prerogative of the municipal authorities but was contingent on social dynamics. The authorities had the power to select what was considered appropriate names and to assign them formally to the streets of the city, but the Asian communities determined whether the names took on typical usage. Failure to impose and to enforce the adoption of one uniform system of place-names partly reflected the lack of absolute power for the government and its acceptance of multicultural patterns of behavior.

References

Legg, Stephen, Sites of Counter-Memory: The Refusal to Forget and the Nationalist Struggle in Colonial Delhi

Yeoh, Brenda, Street Names in Colonial Singapore

The settler-colonial imagination: Comparing commemoration in Saskatchewan and in Québec

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A critical analysis of the Saskatchewan Centennial celebrations (2005) and the Québec quatercentenary celebrations (2008) can be done through many different theories and studies which help highlight how the two are connected in terms of its settlers and indigenous peoples in Quebec and Saskatchewan.

The analysis of two main commemorative events, the Centennial Gala in Saskatchewan and Rencontres [Encounters] in Québec, reveal significantly about Canadian celebrations. As Mackey (2002) argues, these commemorative events give an insight into how depoliticization might occur because of White settler’s innocence.

An important point to be noted is the Indigenous forms of counter-commemoration to the celebratory mode of Saskatchewan and Québec commemoration. Since there was strong resistance to the Vancouver Olympics, it is estimated that similar sentiments will be followed in 2017. It has been seen that these spaces reflect quite different connections with the past.

This study raises questions about the chances of a unionin the white settler colonial-national project as to how could make this investment tap into the hurtful feelings of the indigenous people that might be brought about by the same project. To solve the issue, the White settlers ought to take the matter into their own hands and utilize this time to postpone the celebrations of history and channel their endeavors into bridging the gap of opportunities and life chances between the White settlers and the Indigenous people that might lead to a purer celebration in the future.

During the fiftieth anniversary of Toronto’s integration, many celebrated its history with its connection to the British Empire in 1884. The analysis of the speeches of the renowned Daniel Wilson and Samson Green gives an insight into the differing interpretations and schools of thought to commemoration. While one vision emphasis the removal of the area’s past and celebrates the arrival of its modern European future, the other side celebrates the romanticized approach of the previous Indigenous-settler relationship that sidelines the status of Mississauga’s local settlers. The 1884 commemoration marks the shift from the birth of the settlement in 1793 to its integration as a cardinal part of the city. Here the act carried from the Mississaugas in the Toronto Purchase of 1787 is ignored; whereas, the 1834 Act of Incorporation represents Toronto’s modern grounds.

In 2009, the 175th celebration of Toronto’s integration, the representation of the Indigenous people and their past had witnessed a massive change. The 1834 Act of Incorporation energetically began and closed the ceremony and spoke a little as the people from Six Nations were less in representation. Here no one was labeled negatively, and many books acknowledged the deep understanding of the human presence historiographically and such was mentioned on the official website as well. Hence, overall the event was a celebration of diversity.

However, historical memory is constantly changing, particularly in Toronto, that is known to be a city for newcomers, as half its residents are born in foreign lands. In today’s world, Toronto’s Indigenous past is recalled and understood merely on the surface level, and most context remains ignored and unknown.

References

Cardwell, Lynn and Leroux, Darryl,The settler-colonial imagination: Comparing commemoration in Saskatchewan and in Québec(2019)

Freeman, Victoria, “Toronto Has No History!” Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, and Historical Memory in Canada’s Largest City(2010)

 

Aspects of Memories in Places and Monuments

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The public commemorative landscape’s nature is bound to change at some time after any radical change (Forest and Johnson 2002) at times by the laymen or elitists. A toponym named after the late AlexandruMoghioros can be used to demonstrate this issue. Struggles to rename the place have failed to erase the remnant of the socialist era. Some reasons for this include the attached habit, memory, and how the socialist era names are not combated in the regular routine.

As the geographers study habit in relation to this matter in-depth, these situations can be better understood by seeking help from habitual patterns. A perspective from sociocognitive psychology helps understand how these consistent behaviors oppose change only if some factors like context remain the same.  For instance, residents in DrumulTaberei have not opted for the new name for Piat¸aMoghioros as the older version is deeply internalized in habits.

However, it has been recommended that additional research is necessary to reach the root cause as less data is available for places that have a strong direct attachment to the lives of the people. Hence an in-depth approach is needed to understand the particularities and the nitty-gritty of the issue so as to facilitate an appreciation of works that are named after historical or cultural emblems that might lead to an increased understanding of how the urban world helps shape a sort of shared memory.

The Canadian Conservative government from 2009 till 2011 initiated two schemes, the National Holocaust Monument (NHM) and the Memorial to the Victims of Communism (MVC), to reorient Ottawa’s commemorative placings. These monuments replaced the attached sentimental heroism with a counter-memory culture that was largely perceived in the light of German Historikerstreit.

Though these monuments manifest “multidirectional” memory behavioral practices, these are representative of the tedious journey to Canadian nationalism brought about by lengthy discussions related to humanitarian rights. Placed in native lands, though these monuments were imported, but never given away to the Crown by any treaty,

Building upon Theodor Adorno’s argument, presented in his essay ‘The Meaning of Working Through the Past,’ where he points out the unlikelihood of deciphering aspects amidst the rise and bolstering of Fascist ideology, and the connected struggles, it is suggested that without critically analyzing the underlying sentiments Canadians attach to the monuments’ past any effort to forget the past, as indicated by some flexible references to German Vergangenheitsbewältigung, is bound to fail in its endeavor.

It is essential to point out that since the Requests for Qualifications removed the analytical and creative participation in the renewal of the monuments in conjunction with the ignorance demonstrated to the historical attachment to the subtexts of Holocaust and Communism by the bureaucracy in the construction of NHM and MVC, the multidirectional aspect of the monuments becomes questionable when taken in a flexible approach. Although there may be instances where the monuments extract foreign ideals from other sub-concepts, the monuments ought to represent the locally attached sentiment to them rather than sidelining it. For many, the new Canadian Holocaust and Communism memorials are grounded under colonial pressures instead of upholding their native understandings.

References

Dolgoy, Rebeccaand Elżanowski, Jerzy, Working through the limits of multidirectional memory: Ottawa’s Memorial to the Victims of Communism and National Holocaust Monument(2018)

Light, Duncan and Young, Craig, Habit, Memory, and the Persistence of Socialist-Era Street Names in Postsocialist Bucharest, Romania(2014)

Requirments

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Internal Security: Demography and Migration Issues

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GCC and Migration

An upheaval in GCC economies was seen during the late1970s, which was followed by a government-funded building spree, employing multinational companies to build urban infrastructure, airports, highways, and private housing. Most of the workers that these economies employed on first wave-construction projects used to live on the building sites. Migrants that returned home after working in GCC countries revealed the opportunities of working in GCC countries, and soon there was an influx of job seekers with millions of people looking for better opportunities. Despite the arid weather and poor working conditions, migrant workers flocked to the Middle East because of high wages which were at times three to ten times higher than what workers earned at home (Tallleister, 2013). 

Migration Control

The sustainability of a country comes under pressure during the period of raging population growth as the resources can become scarce by trying to accommodate the needs as well as demands of the population. In these circumstances, demography correlates well with the policies of the state. Rapid labor force growth, as well as high oil prices, happen to be two dominant factors that contribute towards driving change in migration policies across GCC countries(Shediac & Samman, 2010). GCC countries strive to control migration following the example of the company Saudi Oger that laid off about ten thousand Indian workers who had not been paid for seven straight months, which prompted the Indian consulate to provide food camps. Saudi Aramco also cancelled as well as the delayed majority of its projects because of low oil prices (Mueller, 2006). 

Nationalization programs are also widely used to reduce the number of expats in the GCC for example, the Saudi government plans on implementing the National Transformation Program that will reduce the employment of migrant workers in private as well as a public sector by 2020(Martin, 2017). The Saudi government plans to control migration through its Saudization or Nitaqat policy, which requires that all businesses have at least a 10% quota for Saudi Nationals(Peck, 2017). To further control migration, the Saudi government imposed the rule to shut down the private firms that did not hire Saudi nationals. The government also made sure that specific sectors were off-limits to migrant workers (Peck, 2017).

According to Martin (2017) some GCC countries might even impose income tax on migrant workers to make it rather expensive for them to work in the GCC countries. WhileJureidini (2019)asserts that the “Qatarization” or “Emiratization” is the policies by the Gulf States that indigenize the workforce in the market while reducing the dependency on migrant workers. Migration happens to be a fundamentally critical issue across the Gulf because the foreign population in GCC outnumbers the local population by 51 percent(Jason, 2017). While states like Saudi Arabia have imposed policies to manage the migration and influx of workers over the years, other states, like the UAE and Qatar, have not yet imposed such policies (Jason, 2017). 

Countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE, which have some of the highest number of expatriate migrant workers have imposed some drastic initiatives to control migration.

The government of Bahrain also kept visa trafficking in check and imposed severe regulations on entry to Bahrain. Gulf states like Bahrain have imposed high costs of hiring domestic workers from foreign markets. Another way migration can be controlled isthrough the imposition of limited quotas for firms that hire migrant workers (Fargues, 2006). For example, Kuwait has imposed a 35% quota for foreign workers in the government sector; meanwhile, the banking sector in UAE has also reserved the majority of the jobs for nationals. The strategy of taxing remittances will aid the GCC governments hit high with the decline of oil as well as gas prices as this strategy will target the remittance of migrant workers(Fargues, 2006).

The migrants are present in the GCC because there are employment opportunities, there are jobs that need to be filled, and there are not enough GCC nationals to fill these positions. Which is the reason why migrant workers come to work and live in the GCC. The reliance of migrant workers and the GCC countries is mutual. However, if the governments of the GCC want to control migration, they can implement several strategies. First, they can set quotas on the number of visas that are issued. This is a widely used tactic that has been used by many countries in the GCC to control migration. to individuals with the work related qualifications (Jureidini, 2017).The government of Bahrain also kept visa trafficking in check and imposed severe regulations on entry to Bahrain. Gulf states like Bahrain have imposed high costs of hiring domestic workers from foreign markets. Another way migration can be controlled isthrough the imposition of limited quotas for firms that hire migrant workers (Fargues, 2006). For example, Kuwait has imposed a 35% quota for foreign workers in the government sector; meanwhile, the banking sector in UAE has also reserved the majority of the jobs for nationals.

They can also increase taxes, which can discourage migrant workers from coming to the GCC. Although GCC countries do not have a policy regarding income taxes, however, UAE, as well as other countries in the GCC, have considered imposing a tax on foreign the remittance of foreign workers for raising revenues, which range from 3% in Oman to 5% in Kuwait. Abbott states that to control migration, UAE has raised taxes on all of the residents through value-added tax ranging from 3 to 5 percent, which will generate about three billion dollars (Abbott, 2019). The governments can also control migration by reforming their internal mobility laws. For example, Minister Resolution 764 has allowed foreign workers to switch their jobs continuously, which means that the transfer of knowledge and skills from one organization to the other will expandStricter work visa requirements can also be implemented such as requiring the qualifications to match the job position.

Security implications 

The security implications such as environmental, societal, economic, political, and military stem from enhanced migration, which has the potential to amplify security concerns. This happens to be the main reason why migration trends, especially high migration towards a country has become a matter of immense international as well as domestic politics. For example, the increase of anti-immigrant policies leads to changes in laws by which a country is governed, as well as on the perception of the recruiters (Fargues, 2006). The correlation between security and migration, according to Jason, is challenging because security and migration are subjective concepts that are dependent on benefits (Jason, 2017). Governments these days wish to control the number of individuals passing through their territory, and their inability to do so forges a threat to national security.

Thus the increase in population through migration might further induce the to provide economic as well as social opportunities and services to their citizens that might, in turn, enhance threat to political regimes (Jureidini, 2019). This kind of political threats reduce a state’s organizational stability, in this sense, when the receiving states and the migrants have the same ideology, the ideology of the host country might pose as a threat to the home country of the migrants. On the other hand, when the ideology of migrants is different from that of the receiving state, then they might pose a serious threat to the stability of the receiving state (Perthes, 2015).

A case can certainly be made that migration can cause security implications for Gulf states by patterns of transnational crime such as human trafficking as well as smuggling, especially when children, as well as women, are involved.  (Abbott, 2019).

As the number of migrant labor increases, the risks to security also increase. There are different types of securities that are associated with a country and impacted by influx of migrant workers. Security such as health security, physical security, border security, food security, environmental security. One example can be seen from the recent coronavirus pandemic, as the health security systems of the country are occupied and strained due to the focus on migrant workers who are infected with the virus. Physical security of people is also threatened with the flux of labor, as it becomes increasingly difficult to manage large numbers of people, therefore creating strain on the existing resources.

Language, identity, and culture: a security concern

Language, identity, and culture can be a security concern for the Gulf states in the sense that if societal security is taken as a sustainable pattern of ethnic and religious identity as well as custom, then the state-building process often aims at homogenizing the social identities of its citizens(Martin, 2017). Since cultural, religion, and language traditions happen to play their role in the general ideology of a state, they need to be protected as well as defended against the ideological, language, cultural imports from other states such as through the import of migrants (Martin, 2017). Thus for Middle Eastern countries, such as Iraq and Lebanon, that have to address religious as well as ethical issues in their nation-building process, trends in demography and population may aggravate societal as well as domestic threats to security. For example, the enhancement in population due to immigration might impact in a favorable manner an “unwanted” religious or ethnic community. Therefore, the patterns of the population might be a threat to national security in terms of language, culture, and religion. This happens to be the main reason why the Iraqi, as well as the Lebanese government, do not provide statistics about the composition of their population (Diamond, 2010). 

When considering the long term implications of migration, it is immensely important to note that the creation of ethnic minorities within host countries happens to be the top concern for the receiving state. Receiving migrants within the country has a long-lasting social impact, specifically on language and cultural demographics (Myron, 1992). This is because it might turn homogenous societies into multicultural as well as multi-ethnic societies. An immense influx of migration can also cause a rise in societal concerns since they can be seen threatening the ideology of the nation-state due to differences in culture, religion, and language. Migrants are also perceived as being a challenge to the traditional meaning of citizenship as well as the duties and rights of the citizens to the nations. 

It has been established that the migration has a substantial impact on the idealized homogeneity of a state as most countries. This is why migrants are a threat to the value systems and cultural norms of the receiving states. In terms of Gulf states, anti-immigrant and xenophobia enhances in times of unemployment and recession. Toleration to the cultural norms of other states reduces and leads to resentment within the citizens, which might lead to rebellion against the policies of the government (Ulrichsen, 2017). 

Jureidini argues that among the social issues that Middle Eastern countries face, one major complication is the cultural conflict between Western immigrants and the nationals (Jureidini, 2019). The western migration contributes towards the workforce much needed for service and manufacturing industries. However, the demographic change due to immigrant communities poses issues for policymakers for the receiving country (Valenta, 2016). 

Immigrant communities are seen as an additional cost on the service and infrastructural provision and pose an immense threat to the identity as well as national culture by altering the religious, linguistic, cultural, and ethnic components of the population of the host country. Economics is also a subject of imperative importance when migration is considered (Colombo, 2016). Even when a specific country willingly accepts the immigrants, the impact of such a move on the economy cannot be undermined. This is because immigration policies can have various impacts, such as recession or unemployment.

Bel-Air states that in recent years the topic of language, identity, and culture as a security concern for the Gulf states has taken on a rather sensitive political side. This is because the dependence of the migrant workers, as well as their penetration into the Gulf life, has led to the government and many media outlets to frame the issue as that of basic cultural threat and security (Bel-Air, 2018).Migration has become a major reason for populist surge in the host countries and the rise of nationalism leads to anti-immigration policies. These policies are often based on the projected as well as perceived negative influences that migrants pose a threat to the culture.Ideal examples of this can be seen in the West, where nationalists have opposed immigrants so much that they have resulted in terrorist attacks, such as the Christchurch Mosque shootings in which the individuals affected by the extreme act of violence were migrant and refugee communities.The white supremacist and extreme nationalist politics appeared to be at the core of the attack on the Muslim community in New Zealand.

The Countries are initiating heritage projects across the GCC to preserve culture, traditions and identity For example,  Katara is a heritage project, Similarly Souq Waqif also serves as a solution to address security concerns related to nationalists and fear of losing the culture and traditions.

In the GCC there is a very real possibility that the influx of migrant workers can result in significant opposition from nationalists. There is a possibility that this can even result in region wide disputes. Nationalists in the GCC countries can also potentially take to the government to oppose the influx of migrants. MIn this sense, when the receiving states and the migrants have the same ideology, the ideology of the host country might pose as a threat to the home country of the migrants. On the other hand, when the ideology of migrants is different from that of the receiving state, then they might pose a serious threat to the stability of the receiving state (Perthes, 2015).

The rise of surveillance in the Gulf

The rapidly increasing crime rate as well as incidents of data thefts, growth of infrastructure, rising initiatives of IT spending by the government and enhanced security spending is boosting the growth of surveillance and security systems in the Gulf States.Government initiatives such as Dubai Vision 2021, Qatar National Vision 2030, and Saudi Vision 2030 are predicted to enhance the economic growth of many states in the Gulf region. This economic boom and development of infrastructure creates more avenues for surveillance and deployment of security systems.

There has been an increase in surveillance in the Gulf states where officials have voiced their pride in their ability to gather huge amount of data on migrant and foreign workforce present within their territory.Given the rapid changes that have taken place in recent years, as well as the inherent issues that come with an increase in population from different parts of the world, has resulted in rapid increase in government surveillance in the GCC.

The increase in crimes, terrorist activities combined with the advances in technology have made the GCC vulnerable for wrong activities. This has forced governments to increase surveillance to keep check on the people and ensure GCC continues to be known as the safest part of the world. Moreover, Africa is the main region where women, as well as young girls, are trafficked from war zones to the Gulf countries. According to the International Organization for Migration, human trafficking takes place from Ghana to Libya and Lebanon, where the domestic service is transferred to Saudi Arabia as well as Kuwait. Human trafficking from South Asia to the Gulf states is considered a serious issue within the region as the region has become the transit point. Young boys have particularly trafficked for dangerous as well as the violent pursuit of camel racing that hasbeen documented within Qatar(Martin, 2017). Also, extensive trafficking of children from Sudan, South Asia, Bangladesh, Yemen, Eritrea is noted for begging rings specifically in Saudi Arabia

In the Gulf states, the surveillance policy is less restrictive and less coercive. InQatar, the non-citizen residents are aware thatthe moment they set foot in the soil that their time in Qatar is bound and dependent on their work as well as the fact that their stake in the society is rather limited The Gulf states like Qatar often come under scrutiny for migrant worker policy in regards to the lack of full equality norms for migrant workers.

References

Abbott, S. G. (2019). Demography, Migration and Security in the Middle East. Regional Security in The Middle East: Sectors, Variables and Issues.

Bel-Air, F. D. (2018). Policies and Politics in the Arab Migration to the Gulf States: Struggling to Keep the Door Open. In Migration to the Gulf: Policies in Sending and Receiving Countrie (pp. 151-178). Gulf Research Center.

Burgess, J. P. (2015). The Routledge Handbook of New Security Studies. Routledge.

Choucri, N. (2002). Migration and Security: Some Key Linkages. Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board, 97-100.

Colombo, S. (2016). Regional insecurity after the Arab uprisings. Narratives of security and threat. Journal of Mediterranean Politics, 469-480.

Diamond, L. (2010). Why Are There No Arab Democracies? Journal of Democracy, 93-104.

Ekwuyasi, F. O. (2015). Labour migration and human trafficking : a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Political Science.

Fargues, P. (2006). International Migration in the Arab Region: Trends and Policies. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 22.

Haas, H. d. (2019). International Migration:Trends, Determinants, and Policy Effects. Population and Development Review, 881-890.

Jason, W. (2017). Labor Immigration into the Gulf: Policies and Impacts. Kuwait Program, 13.

Jureidini, R. (2019). Global Governance and Labour Migration in the GCC. International Political Economy Series, 338-440.

Martin, P. L. (2017). A new era for labour migration in the GCC. Migration Letters, 106-120.

Mednicoff, D. (2011). NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LEGAL STATUS OF MIGRANT WORKERS:. WESTERN NEW ENGLAND LAW REVIEW, 122-150.

Mueller, J. (2006). Is There Still a Terrorist Threat?: The Myth of the Omnipresent Enemy. Foreign Affairs, 8.

Myron, W. (1992). Security, Stability, and International Migration. International Security, 139.

Perthes, V. (2015). Security Perceptions and Cooperation in the Middle East: The Political Dimension. The International Spectator , 472.

Tallleister, J. (2013). Is Immigration a Threat to Security? E-International Relations, 8.

Ulrichsen, K. C. (2017). Internal and External Security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy Council, 30.

Valenta, M. (2016). Moving to the Gulf: an empirical analysis of the patterns and drivers of migration to the GCC countries, 1960–2013. Journal of Labor History , 627-648.

Weiner, M. (1993). Security, Stability, and International Migration. International Security, 91-123.

World Food Production

Pages:4

Statement:

  • Problem: The sharp increase in prices for food at global level is causing issues in national market. It has increased malnutrition thus given rise to malnourished people. World needs more food, production and yield must increase to feed increase in population. Climate changes causing drought, flooding, pests/disease to spread outside local habitat etc. 80% of the world’s crops depend on rain so farmers watch over unpredictable weather conditions to produce the crops (Adejuwon, 2006). Due to global climate change, extreme weather situation, such as high precipitation is damaging crops, so yield decreased. Tropical storms and flooding destroy crops largely. Flood water brings more toxic element on land, pollutants sewage and pathogens enter into food easily. Hot weather conditions help water evaporation, so water shortage/drought occurs that offers less water for irrigation (Hunter, 2014). 10% of world crops are major food crops and irrigated by nonrenewable ground water, so aquifers are drained rapidly than they are filling.  
  • Importance: There is an increased need to improve food production to feed 10 billion people of the world till 2050 (Manning, 2015). If food supply does not increase food/nutrition security will not be met globally. Addressing food shortage challenge is critical for policy makers and producers to increase access to adequate food for future generations. By 2050, the global population will reach 9.8 billion so food supply is going to take massive stress because at that time, food demand will be 60% higher than today (Jones, 2013). The persistent issue will be climate change and soil degradation will reduce the arable portion of land. The risk of collapse is increasing, so food scientists are studying food security elements as mycological and botanical collections. Some examples are wild rice varieties that need less water, and enset, a banana like plant that staved off famine in Ethiopia (Scott, Petsakos & Juarez, 2019). These food crops are being considered as insurance of food against the danger of plant extinction in future.  
  • Goals: The goal of this paper is to address the world food shortage problem. It will undertake to highlight the issue to match production and yield to the demand required by 2050 (FAO, 2009). Additionally, it will discuss solutions to minimize the environmental impact, water demand and energy supply-demand to conserve resources for future. Studying food extinction in near future, doubling food production for world till 2050 and potential factors that can affect this process are key subjects of this paper. The role of food production methods is to feed growing population of world and to avoid the danger of famine due to extreme weather conditions in the near future (Adejuwon, 2006). The potential goal of this paper includes some solutions that can tackle the issue of global food shortage in 2050. For instance, these solutions constitute reduction in food wastage, implementation of genetically modified organisms technique (GMO) and closing the yield gap (Scott, Petsakos & Juarez, 2019).
  • Approach: The approach used for this paper will address the aforementioned issues by looking at biotechnologies in agriculture to increase yield, drought resistant crops; reduce food wastage and moderate meat intake to reduce feed demand for livestock. The approach will also cater risk factors for world agriculture that are reducing agriculture food supply (Searchinger & Waite, 2019). Reducing food waste is helpful to preserve some food for deserving. The discussion implies key steps in food security to save humanity from a universal decline. Feeding a growing population needs effective planning well before time because multitude of obstacles is in the way of food production. The approach to discuss the issues is backed by facts and figures from global organizations, such as Food and Agriculture organization, World Bank and United Nations. All the food sources are facing threats from climate change and human practices (Hunter, 2014). The threat to biodiversity is massive because it can decline important vegetation and animals, so the ultimate target of these issues will be global humanity (Thornton & Lipper, 2014).   
  1. If successful: The need to conserve food resources discuss the significance of natural ecosystem and their restoration. If this solution will be successful, there will be a favorable outcome of food security being maintained. The solutions will ensure effective food supply, better lands under plough, increase in fish supply and protection of earth from greenhouse emissions of gases. Bioscience has suggested that if proper attention is provided on global increase in food production, it is likely to increase from 25-70% by 2050. The successful policy interventions for global food security need sustainable and efficient production methods in developing countries and in huge bio-energy market. A global food production step can be successful, only if proper crop production practices in agriculture are undertaken. This approach is aligned with the climate change policies and reducing damage to natural environment. Threat to global climate is due to famine, shortage of rainfall, desertification, aforestation, drought and flooding. These global conditions are getting intense and extreme over time (Thornton & Lipper, 2014). Climatologists suggest that in near future, global warming will be increased due to increased trace gases and carbon dioxide level in atmosphere (Imbert, 2019). Transitioning in hydrological regimes can affect ability to produce global food.

Background

Over thousands years, agriculture is valued for specific yield of food crops. The selected plants with peculiar characteristics are used for human beings and they are responsible to feed entire population. High yield is a significant concept in crop production that also means homogeneity of crops (Adejuwon, 2006). 75% of all human calories are attributable to only 12 crops. A particular pathogen or pest can create potential vulnerability due to changed climate. If there is a lack of genetic variability, entire crops will become vulnerable. In 1950s, global banana supply was carried out by Gros Michel, it was a singly variety. Panama Virus destroyed the crop due to lack of variability (Hunter, 2014). To feed billions of human beings, there is a need to focus on effective genetic variability. Today, there are about 5,500 varieties of edible plants but stills scientists are focusing on a narrow selection of food to bring a balance of meat based diets and vegetable based diets (Hunter, 2014).    

Agriculture in 21 century is facing enormous challenge, difficulty in getting desirable production due to growing demand. Better and improved practices are required to increase food production, as world population is expected to grow at exponential rate. The socioeconomic factors are driving an increase in food demand such as rising incomes, population growth and urbanization. UN population prospects have highlighted the growth of world will be projected by 34% i.e., 9.1 billion in 2050. The improvement in food production is required to compete with persistent situations and natural calamities. Climate changes resulting in drought, flooding, shortage of rainfall and pests/disease are some key aspects contributing food shortage in near future. Global agriculture output can only be increased when a systematic control on crop reduction atmosphere will be undertaken (Searchinger & Waite, 2019). The incidence of weather change is also harmful for crop production. To double food production, resources should be maintained at faster pace than the urbanization.

A main cause of loss of biodiversity is the grazing of cattle so extinction of forest is at rise. One kilogram of beef is more demanding (30 times) on environment than a kilogram of protein of plant. This provides that there is a need of quite radical changes in human diet (Imbert, 2019). Most of the developing societies have aligned their directions to meat based diet. If India and China will adopt similar meat rich diet patterns like America, it would be very much demanding on the global resources (Thornton & Lipper, 2014). In human societies, a resistant to new technologies has been observed. The interesting fact is the marketing of plant based burgers is carried out to those, who enjoy beef burgers but not for vegans. In addition, genetic technology is not given due significance but it is a large assistance to reduce the intense pressure on the global environment. Genetically modified crops can require less pesticide or herbicide and water, so there is a need to think about the benefits it is providing to mankind.    

There are many reasons for policy failure implemented to enhance food production.  A main reason is lack of government action on allowing GMO technology e.g. India and Europe (anti-GMO groups). If you think of more mention them. Second important cause is lack of crop rotation and inability to provide favorable policies to improve agriculture. Improving agriculture is related to increase the assistance to farmers, in order to prevent crop production, high yield crop patterns and implementation of pest resistance. Government needs to adopt applied agriculture research methods that focus on developing efficient systems of production to meet global demand (State, 2019). Helping farmers to adapt practices about emerging environmental challenges such as changed climate, pesticide resistance and yield plateaus is essential (FAO, 2009). The lack of government assistance in favoring crop production methods, provision of revenue and crop insurance is a hurdle in developing better and improved methods of food production.  

In 2015, UN provided that global population will increase, with a concentration in poorer countries than developed. Poor countries are characterized by low economic standard, low living style and increased demand for dairy and met production. These kinds of trends are raising feat that in coming decades, world cupboards will be run bare (Jones, 2013). This scenario offers a ubiquitous concern that double food production of world by 2050 should coupled with reduced climate change and improved food production. It defines sustainable intensification about the productivity of agriculture. It needs to focus on increased use of better fertilizers and reduced harmful effects of tilling. Doubling food production is linked with sustainability that is needed to double than historical rates. Food production is needed to keep growing to 25-70% to meet the global demand for food and this should be annually. Doubling output and productivity needs increased soil irrigation, use of pesticides and fertilizer and more water.   

If the problem continues, potential, consequences such as starvation, malnutrition, and lack of food security will result. Decline in required quantity of food production will create social unrest. Developing countries are already facing food shortage dilemma in the form of malnutrition children, they will face famine. Decreased food production will increase the prices of food products and its effect on poor countries will be adverse (van der Mensbrugghe, Osorio-Rodarte, Burns & Baffes, 2009). Drought and famine will destroy natural resources and biodiversity. Increased dependence on natural resources will hurt forests so plants and animal species will face serious threats. It needs working with environmental goals. The specificity of agriculture goals are linked with ecosystem functioning (Jones, 2013). Greenhouse gas emission at global level is enhancing gas presence in atmosphere so contributing in global temperature rise.  

Solutions

  • Close the yield gap, as it will enhance food self sufficiency practices in near future. Improving food production patterns by closing the yield gap in raid fed cultivation and irrigation mechanism can enhance 24-80% calories. The high and better production level will increase overall food patterns and trade in developed countries.
  • Genetically Modified Organisms and technology related to it can bring significant increase in food production. However, in India and Europe, GMO is not initiated. GMO corps will ensure reduce in food wastage and will use less expensive techniques to grow food crops. Insect and pest resistant Bt crops will need less phytosanitary products than conventional crops. The genetically modified crops will be herbicide tolerant so a better control will be maintained on unnecessary weeds. This environmental friendly act can save humanity by producing better food (van der Mensbrugghe, Osorio-Rodarte, Burns & Baffes, 2009).
  • Reducing food wastage is an effective solution. Approximately one quarter of food goes uneaten which is produced for humans. Loss of waste from food supply chain occurs from field to dining table. If 25% food waste is reduced by 2050, it will reduce the food gap to 12% (FAO, 2009). The food waste management needs affective policy implementation to monitor food tackling activities at public and private levels.

These three solutions will act significantly to reduce food waste and improve water management.

Outcomes:

  • If these solutions will be successful implemented, the betterment of humankind will see a rise in global food production methods. The environment will face sustainability in this way.
  • The success over time is maintained by systematic set control of polices, and the process can be strengthened by check and balance system and monitoring food rules and regulations.

 

References

FAO. (2009). FAO’s Director-General on How to Feed the World in 2050. Population And Development Review, 35(4), 837-839. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00312.x

Manning, D. (2015). How will minerals feed the world in 2050?. Proceedings Of The Geologists’ Association, 126(1), 14-17. doi: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2014.12.005

Searchinger, T., & Waite, R. (2019). How to Sustainably Feed 10 Billion People by 2050, in 21 Charts. Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/how-sustainably-feed-10-billion-people-2050-21-charts

State, J. (2019). Double food production by 2050? Not so fast – Futurity. Retrieved 7 December 2019, from https://www.futurity.org/food-production-2050-1368582-2/

van der Mensbrugghe, D., Osorio-Rodarte, I., Burns, A., & Baffes, J. (2009). How to Feed the World in 2050: Macroeconomic Environment, Commodity Markets — A Longer Term Outlook. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2277017

Adejuwon, J. (2006). Food crop production in Nigeria. II. Potential effects of climate change. Climate Research, 32, 229-245. doi: 10.3354/cr032229

Hunter, M. (2014). We don’t need to double world food production by 2050 – here’s why. Retrieved 9 December 2019, from https://theconversation.com/we-dont-need-to-double-world-food-production-by-2050-heres-why-74211

Imbert, F. (2019). Stocks fall for the first time in four days. Retrieved 9 December 2019, from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/09/stock-market-us-china-trade-developments-in-focus-on-wall-street.html

Jones, M. (2013). Cultural Characters and Climate Change: How Heroes Shape Our Perception of Climate Science. Social Science Quarterly, 95(1), 1-39. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12043

Scott, G., Petsakos, A., & Juarez, H. (2019). Climate change, food security, and future scenarios for potato production in India to 2030. Food Security, 11(1), 43-56. doi: 10.1007/s12571-019-00897-z

Thornton, P., & Lipper, L. (2014). How Does Climate Change Alter Agricultural Strategies to Support Food Security?. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2423763

 

How To Double Food Production Yield By 2050

Pages:2

OUTLINE

TITLE: How To Double Food Production Yield By 2050

  1. Introduction: There is a big shortfall between the amount of food we produce today and the amount needed to feed everyone in 2050. There will be nearly 10 billion people on Earth by 2050—about 3 billion more mouths to feed than there were in 2010. As incomes rise, people will increasingly consume more resource-intensive, animal-based foods. 
  2. Food sustainability: It is needed to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural production and stop the conversion of remaining forests to agricultural land
  3. Problem Statement: Food production and environmental protection must be treated as equal parts of agriculture’s grand challenge
  4. Objective of study: the objective is to propose solutions to a current major problem, i.e., the food production in 2050.
  5. Theoretical Framework: Feeding 10 billion people sustainably by 2050, then, requires closing three gaps:
  • A 56 percent food gap between crop calories produced in 2010 and those needed in 2050 under “business as usual” growth;
  • A 593 million-hectare land gap (an area nearly twice the size of India) between global agricultural land area in 2010 and expected agricultural expansion by 2050; and
  • An 11-gigaton GHG mitigation gap between expected agricultural emissions in 2050 and the target level needed to hold global warming below 2oC (3.6°F), the level necessary for preventing the worst climate impacts.
  1. Literature Review: The scholars have focused on the International trade, and natural resources aspects to discuss the food shortage. It is important to discuss, Are the projected increases in land, water use and yields feasible?
  2. Problems/ Challenges: Agriculture in the 21st century faces multiple challenges: it has to produce more food and fibre to feed a growing population with a smaller rural labour force, more feedstocks for a potentially huge bioenergy market, contribute to overall development in the many agriculture-dependent developing countries, adopt more efficient and sustainable production methods and adapt to climate change
  3. Recommendations: Specifying quantitative targets, the researchers contend, will clarify the scope of the challenges that agriculture must face in the coming decades, focusing research and policy on achieving specific outcomes.
  • Reduce food loss and waste
  • Shift to healthier, more sustainable diets
  • Avoid competition from bioenergy for food crops and land
  • Achieve replacement-level fertility rates
  • Increase livestock and pasture productivity
  1. Conclusion: Despite increased discussion of sustainability in agriculture, the common narrative that we need to drastically increase food production is seldom challenged in agricultural circles, according to the researchers. Aiming to double food production makes it much harder to move the needle on our environmental challenges. To double food production, it is important to increase global agricultural output faster than we ever have before, and we are at a point in the developed world where we already are pushing our farming systems to the max. We don’t know how to double yields in these systems, especially without multiplying our environmental impacts.
  2. References

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