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Fishing by Torch Light by Paul Kane

Pages:4

The art selected for the essay is Fishing by Torch Light by Paul Kane, which is an oil on paper sketch dating back to 1845 and is a rare piece depicting Canada’s history. The oil-on-paper sketch by Paul Kane is among Canada’s First Peoples art collections at Royal Ontario Museum. This essay will argue that in Fishing by Torch Light, Paul Kane’s use of color, line, and shape focuses on emphasis and movement in the composition. The formal elements, as well as principles of art, form an impression of mystery and foreboding.

The medium used for the artwork is oil on canvas, and the Canadian artist sketched the western landscape to denote the lives of the Natives. This artwork was undertaken during his voyage from 1845 to 1848 as he traveled far west. While observing the artwork, one notices that the hues in this sketch have been used mainly on the fishermen rowing the boat as well as on the outline of the boat and torchlight. This emphasizes the importance of the torchlight and its impact on the fishermen. This emphasis makes the torchlight along with the fishermen, the focal point or center of interest for the observer. The dark hues used correlate with harmony as a large amount of area within the artwork has been painted with limited hues (Field, 2018). The relatively simple arrangement of yellow, black, and brown are distributed throughout the artwork and ties the parts together to forge harmony. At the same time, the pop of color makes the torchlight appear more pronounced. This contrast of light and dark values aid in emphasizing the torchlight and the fishermen, but also the river, trees, and the night sky. It should be noted how the light of the torchlight is shown in the water against the dark background. This clearly establishes the importance of torchlight. On the other hand, the light values of the fisherman, boat, etc. make them stand out against the darker values.

The element of line can be observed within the painting, and it can be tied to the principle of movement. The diagonal lines within the sketch convey a feeling of movement. For example, the movement of the boat moving forward is depicted through the torchlight, which is neither horizontal nor vertical. It is imperative to note that the oil on paper sketch also contains characteristics of impressionist painting as it captures the essence of the subject matter, which is fishing aided by the torch lights (Webster, 1944). Paul Kane thus manipulates the use of line to create a movement which the observer channelizes through observation. A sense of intrigue is created in the backdrop of the night as the boats are shown to move forward through diagonal lines, however, the path forward is not clear because of dark hues surrounding the light emitted by the torchlight(Brommer, 2000).

In addition, the diagonal lines within the artwork are creating the potential effect of confusion surrounding the space. The thick and thin, long and short, curved and straight lines across the river and on the trees tie the element of the line to the principle of variety as well. This is because the curved line of the torchlight, vertical line of the fishermen, and the curved outlines of the trees provide the variety which is necessary for generating curiosity in the onlooker as well as a sense of mystery within the realm of the painting.

Furthermore, the elements of shape and form, along with the principles of emphasis, create a gradual change from darkness to light. It can be noticed how the transition of light from the torchlight to the surroundings, i.e., boat, water, etc. overlaps, which in turn overlaps with the fishermen. This overlapping draws the eye of the observer to the trees as well as the river. The illusion of depth is created by the reflection of the light from the torchlight into the dark water that creates atmospheric tension and mystery(Brommer, 2000). The opposing element of light and dark water creates a sense of foreboding. The emphasis on light, as well as the changing of light as it passes through deep water, creates an impression of uncertainty. The theory of impressionism can best describe the judgment on this formal analysis as the fleeting effect of light on the surface of the water is captured in such a profound way that it is emphasizing on color and tone rather than on outline and shape (Brommer, 2000). Kane has mixed hues with opposite colors, such as shadows of yellow, to create atmospheric tension. Furthermore, the mystery does not have to be depicted visually as it can be felt.

The uncertainty of where the fishermen are headed to or what might lay in their path creates a metaphysical scenario that cannot be measured. The shape of the torchlight, boat, and fishermen range differently, and the directions of the lines enclose them diagonally, which projects visual interest because of unequal proportion(Field, 2018). For example, while looking are the waving torchlight one is drawn towards the image of the fisherman rowing the boat in forward direction creating a sense of ease while the small shape of the boat ahead and a potentially deep river ahead creates a sense of foreboding as it denotes the relatively minor impact of the efforts of the fisherman in comparison to the vastness of the deep dark water or the night. The shape of the trees is a circle and in an equal proportion, which creates less interest and the emphasis, which is why they amount to a large void encompassing the deep river.

References

Brommer, G. F. (2000). Elements and Principles of Design. Crystal Productions.

Field, J. (2018). An Illustrated Field Guide to the Elements and Principles of Art + Design. Hot Iron Press.

Webster, J. C. (1944). The Technique of Impressionism: A Reappraisal. College Art Journal, 22.

 

 

War and Peace Leo Tolstoy

Pages:10

Analysis

Theme: Events that character go Through Change and Impact their thinking and Behaviour

Executive Summary

This essay explores the theme of whether events in characters’ life in the epic novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy affect the thinking and behavior of the character. This essay explores arguments related to historical context of the novel and vastly analysis the character development of Nikolai Rostov to understand the stance taken by the novel on this theme.

The Russian novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy is a recognized epic that was initially published in series but was later released in its full form in 1869. The novel is extremely profound in its nature as it does not encompass a single theme or adds to a single idea but explores human sublimity by mentioning topics such as psychological themes, philosophy, historical commentary, social dilemmas, ideological conflicts, and political struggles. Like other intellectual pieces of Tolstoy, this work as well gives an insight into the great mind of the author who made his mark in establishing the nuanced nature of a human mind. As expected from Tolstoy, the novel has many interesting and timeless themes such as individual desires versus the worldly “right”, the dynamics of social classes and many more. Ones of the most important themes explores the human tendency to be affected by what goes through their lives and how the events they go through effect and change their thinking. This theme is important because understanding this enables the readers to realize why this novel came to be about.

The historical context plays an important role in the plot, character development and thematic concerns of the novel and how the events affect the character is a major theme in the academia of history. It is important to note that this novel is fundamentally a thrilling example of history as much as it is an interesting story. It is important to note that it was in 1863 that Tolstoy endeavoured to write about a political dissident who was returning from exile in Siberia. The process took him five years, and he came up with a book that looked nothing like what he had planned initially. The story was instead spread around themes of love-stories, battlefields, economic strife, and religious teachings. This stemmed from his fascination of the Decembrist Revolution of 1825, whereby around 3000 Russian soldiers protested against the Nicholas I’s ascension to the throne after Tsar Alexander I. So his ideas tilted towards the events of 1825. Then he realized how can he comment on the events of 1825 without mentioning the story of 1812 when Napoleon’s tremendous invasion of Russia helped propel authoritarianism that the Decembrists were primarily rebelling against. Even after this, he realized how could he talk about Napoleon’s invasion without mentioning 1805 when the Russians first learned about the danger Napoleon posed after their defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. This ordeal of what to incorporate led him to come up with something that would integrate his initial aspiration of mentioning the individual struggle and do so in the background provided by the significant historical context.

The starting of the novel is significant in establishing its overall stance as it opens with the scene of war between France and Russia. While he also mentions the tales of Aristocrats at the cocktail party and their indifference concerning the war. Their conversations subdue to money, sex and all the lavish niceties of life. This indicates the norm set by the author as he considers the upper class to have such conversations. This sheds light at the aspect of the events in people’s life affecting their behaviours as here the aristocrats are affected by the luxuries nature of their status so much so that it consumes them and blinds them to the real pains, struggles and actual reality of the world that they live in by large. The aristocratic conversations that take place in Anna Pavlovna’s salon serve as a microcosm of the upper strata of the society (chapter 1-6, pages 3-52).

Moreover, the historical significance of the novel is established as it questions the idea of the “great man”. Tolstoy is famous for bringing about the elephant in the room into the highlight. The nineteenth-century witnessed a boom in wars and invasions, whereby the cult of Napoleon was extremely prevalent. He was a recognized great man and was also an opportunist. The novel is set in 1805-1820 and describes the war between France and Germany. In doing so, a commentary on leadership is also given, and Tolstoy rejects the notion of the “Great Man” by mentioning the Battle of Borodino that was fought between Napoleon’s 130,000 troops, about 500 guns, versus Russians’ 120,000 men and about 600 guns. About 30,000 French men lost their lives, and 45,000 Russians were killed. The concept is stated brilliantly in Book 10, chapter 28, pages 1848-1849, “And it was not Napoleon who directed the course of the battle, for none of his orders was executed, and during the battle, he did not know what was going on before him. So the way in which these people killed one another was not decided by Napoleon’s will but occurred independently of him, in accord with the will of hundreds of thousands of people who took part in the common action. It only seemed to Napoleon that it all took place by his will. And so the question whether he had or had not a cold has no more historical interest than the cold of the least of the transport soldiers. Moreover, the assertion made by various writers that his cold was the cause of his dispositions not being as well planned as on former occasions, and of his orders during the battle not being as good as previously, is quite baseless, which again shows that Napoleon’s cold on the twenty-sixth of August was unimportant. The dispositions cited above are not at all worse, but are even better, than previous dispositions by which he had won victories. His pseudo-orders during the battle were also no worse than formerly, but much the same as usual. These dispositions and orders only seem worse War and Peace 1849 of 2882 than previous ones because the battle of Borodino was the first Napoleon did not win. The profoundest and most excellent dispositions and orders seem very bad, and every learned militarist criticizes them with looks oks importance, when they relate to a battle that has been lost, and the very worst dispositions and orders seem very good, and serious people fill whole volumes to demonstrate their merits, when they relate to a battle that has been won. The dispositions drawn up by Weyrother for the battle of Austerlitz were a model of perfection for that kind of composition, but still they were criticized- criticized for their very perfection, for their excessive minuteness. Napoleon at the battle of Borodino fulfilled his office as representative of authority as well as, and even better than, at other battles. He did nothing harmful to the progress of the battle; he inclined to the most reasonable opinions, he made no confusion, did not contradict himself, did not get frightened or run away from the field of battle, but with his great tact and military experience carried out his role of appearing to command, calmly and with dignity.” This lengthy quote gives an insight into the author’s mind that he believes that history is not only shaped by great men, but rather other cultural, social, societal and economic factors come into play. Also, the events of the past are so significant that they affect the people who later change the way events happen as hinted in this quote. This quote largely brings out Tolstoy’s way of criticizing people who believe in the “Great Man” concept. It is Tolstoy’s effort to highlight the importance of “ordinary” people that sort of cement the concept that people’s experiences shape people, shape them to become who they inevitably become. Hence, by that logic, they should not be given special attention, treatment or titles such as that of “Great Man” as Napoleon was recognized as.

This novel is a literary genius of Tolstoy’s imagination and sheds light on his own ideas of what causation means for him. The natural metaphor of a bee’s activity used is reflective of his own ideas in the complex novel War and Peace. In the First Epilogue, pages 2692-2693, it is mentioned, “A bee settling on a flower has stung a child. And the child is afraid of bees and declares that bees exist to sting people. A poet admires the bee sucking from the chalice of a flower and says it exists to suck the fragrance of flowers. A beekeeper, seeing the bee collect pollen from flowers and carry it to the hive, says that it exists to gather honey. Another beekeeper who has studied the life of the hive more closely says that the bee gathers pollen dust to feed the young bees and rear a queen, and that it exists to War and Peace 2693 of 2882 perpetuate its race. A botanist notices that the bee flying with the pollen of a male flower to a pistil fertilizes the latter, and sees in this the purpose of the bee’s existence. Another, observing the migration of plants, notices that the bee helps in this work, and may say that in this lies the purpose of the bee. But the ultimate purpose of the bee is not exhausted by the first, the second, or any of the processes the human mind can discern. The higher the human intellect rises in the discovery of these purposes, the more obvious it becomes, that the ultimate purpose is beyond our comprehension.” Hence, this quote proves that Tolstoy does not necessarily believe in the process of causation or he believes that the human mind is not enough or sufficient to encapsulate the entire process that goes behind an action and even though many of Tolstoy’s characters exhibit change after experiencing formative experiences, he also believes that one cannot truly understand or point out what is actually the decisive watershed moment.

Tolstoy also comments on the human tendency to find an answer in Book 13, Chapter 1, page 2324, as he states in an omnipresent tone, “Man’s mind cannot grasp the causes of events in their completeness, but the desire to find those causes is implanted in man’s soul. And without considering the multiplicity and complexity of the conditions any one of which taken separately may seem to be the cause, he snatches at the first approximation to a cause that seems to him intelligible and says: ‘This is the cause!’” Thus, it must be established that Tolstoy did not reject absolutely the notion that causation must not be made, but rather he pointed out the human weakness in the process of coming to a conclusion in a hasty manner whereby many important details are termed as unimportant.

Book 7 is highly important in demonstrating the theme that events shape character developments. The character of Nikolai (Nicholas) Rostov although had impactful moments in his life before book 7, it is here that his changed self is shown to emerge. However, book 4, chapter 2, pages 690-691, also marks the beginning of his change in character from an immature child to a young mature adult, “He felt that he had grown up and matured very much. His despair at failing in a Scripture examination, his borrowing money from Gavril to pay a sleigh driver, his kissing Sonya on the sly- he now recalled all this as childishness he had left immeasurably behind. Now he was a lieutenant of hussars, in a jacket laced with silver, and wearing the War and Peace 691 of 2882 Cross of St. George, awarded to soldiers for bravery in action, and in the company of well-known, elderly, and respected racing men was training a trotter of his own for a race…” It is important to note that the first six books prepare Nikolai’s transition from his war values into peace values. This also shows the strong connection between the entirely opposite concepts, and perhaps explores that the existence of one causes the other. But coming back to the importance of Nikolai’s character development, the pattern is evident in book seven during the scene of hunt and Christmas games. In the hunting scene, Nikolai is shown to develop a fascination for the land, and in the Christmas scene, for the first time ever, he decides to marry. The following sentence from book 9, chapter 12, page 1510, mentions his change, “The autumn in Otradnoe with the hunting, and the winter with the Christmas holidays and Sonya’s love, had opened out to him a vista of tranquil rural joys and peace such as he had never known before, and which now allured him.” This decision to marry has been visible in the metaphors used in the novel. In book 7, it is clear that despite the arrival of Christmas, the atmosphere is gloomy and sad, but things change on the third day of Christmas. This all can be seen as a precursor to the romantic meeting of Sonya and Nikolai in the upcoming chapter. It is important to note that this meeting marks a stark change in his character and this can be viewed in the light of an event changing the course of a character’s life as book 7, chapter 13, page 1246, mentions, “Firmly resolved, after putting his affairs in order in the regiment, to retire from the army and return and marry Sonya, Nicholas, serious, sorrowful, and at variance with his parents, but, as it seemed to him, passionately in love, left at the beginning of January to rejoin his regiment.”

Nikolai arrives at his first-ever win when he captures the young French Officer but rather than feeling good about it or feeling an air of victory; he feels “moral nausea” (book 9, chapter 15, page 1533). The cause for this can be traced back to book seven as his values were changed then during the hunting experience. The author reminds us of that by comparing war with the hunt and Nicholas in his soldier state with a huntsman by mentioning in book 9, chapter 15, pages 1529-, “Rostov, with his keen sportsman’s eye, was one of the first to catch sight of these blue French dragoons pursuing our Uhlans…He acted as he did when hunting, without reflecting or considering…With the same feeling with which he had galloped across the path of a wolf, Rostov gave rein to his Donets horse…” Now from this point ahead, the usage of comparing the French to the hurt animal and the Russians to the hunter becomes a recurrent theme in the novel such as stated in book 11, chapter 2, page 1941, “For five weeks after that there was not a single battle. The French did not move. As bleeding, mortally wounded animal licks its wounds, they remained inert in Moscow for five weeks, and then suddenly, with no fresh reason, fled back…” Hence, the events in Nikolai’s life are moved and shaped by his experiences in the past, and his feelings too are overshadowed by the working of the past. Similar to Nikolai, many other characters of this novel too face the same destiny of being moved by the events that have occurred, and their actions are shaped by the happenings in their life.

However, it must be pointed out that Tolstoy does not take a single stance on the debate under consideration of whether events shape character’s life as he mentions the complexity that lies in giving a distinct answer. It appears that the themes and the characters of this novel, such as Nikolai, indicate that human and living being’s behaviour is not merely dictated by the actions of the past. Instead, it is important to highlight that there are many reasons that lead to behavioural changes. By subtly communicating that “Great” people like Napoleon are not the supreme reasons that led to supreme happenings, but rather the happenings were a combination of environmental factors as well, including cultural, social and many other factors. Hence, the denial of “Great Man” theory in this novel sheds light in the belief that characters are more than the events and experiences that they endure as they actions that come as being attributed to them may not be only there doing as lots go behind an action that is undocumented. To respond to this quandary, the author Tolstoy also wrote a note to historians to improve on their work, but though this might not be directly related to the thematic discussion at hand, it is, however, interesting that he recognized the importance of historians and that in itself proves that he does believe in some sort of causation relationship, though a blind trust is not to be found.

So, conclusively it can be said that the theme of past events shaping people’s thoughts and lives is mentioned in both ways in the novel, both it is agreed upon, but at the same time it is discredited as well. This is the genius of the profound author Leo Tolstoy who managed to communicate the nuanced version of this debate in an understandable manner by fully mentioning the attached complexities of the theme at hand. It must be recognized that he is in no way discouraging humans from refraining from establishing such causal relationships but is, in essence, offering his view and conveying the nuances he thinks exist in dealing with such a complex theme.

 

 

 

 

 

Comparison of gender roles in Romeo and Juliet and Private Romeo

Pages:6

Romeo and Juliet Essay

Although many of Shakespeare’s plays have remarkably strong female characters and many a time gender roles are seen to be inverted in his plays, William Shakespeare, by today’s standards, does not reflect feministic values, but there are a few exceptions created. The 1976 film Private Romeo has some similarities and differences with the iconic play Romeo and Juliet when analyzed with the lens of gender roles.

 

In the play Romeo and Juliet, men in Verona, Italy, the setting of the play, are shown to be agents of power, sexual authority, subjugation, and general political authority. Sampson, a Capulet’s servant remarks in Act 1, Scene 1, lines 15-18, “Tis true, and therefore women, being the / weaker vessels, are ever thrust to the wall; therefore I / will push Montague’s men from the wall, and thrust / his maids to the wall.” These phallocentric lines are indicative of the hegemony of males in the society of the play and go on to display that women are primarily considered sexual beings. Likewise, Sampson once again declares, “Draw, if you be man,” in Act 1, Scene 1, line 62. This small line serves as a micro for the macro collective conscious of this play that appears to be that the ideas of masculinity are completely fixed so much so that the mere act of being reluctant to be angry drags the gender of man in question in the play. Additionally, Romeo’s friend, Mercutio, in Act 1, Scene 4, lines 27-28, says, “If love be rough with you, be rough with love; / Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down.” This line is indicative of the societal norm that a man ought to be strong enough to deal with sentiments in a violent way suggesting that man is above the weaknesses of sentiments, unlike woman. Likewise, there are many recurring themes in the movie Private Romeo that represent that the larger parts of the society believe in the hegemonic ideas of masculinity. For instance, the very setting of the movie in a male cadet college, their daily routines and exercises represent the essence of this idea.

 

In the play, Romeo goes against the conventions of Verona, as depicted by Shakespeare. He does not wholly abide by the hegemonic masculine strength defined by the patriarchs of the society and family. Romeo defies the gender roles to an extent by succumbing to feelings and the associated toll generated. Romeo is a classical romantic as his thoughts are persistently filled with love and desires and lack the sort of “manliness” prevalent in most of the city. He is charmed by love twice and does not turn away or feel humiliated when his friends ridicule him for harnessing such feelings. Many critics go on to suggest that his character is weakened in his scenes with Juliet as she appears to be the stronger one, mainly judged as per emotional maturity. He places himself below his lover in an attempt to woo her and goes into submission. During the famous balcony scene in Act 2, Scene 2, lines 26-28, Romeo says, “O, speak again, bright angel, for thou art / As glorious to this night, being o’ver my head, / As a winged messenger of heaven.” No man of Verona in the play would have willingly let down his stature, but Romeo does so by raising his lover on a higher plane and value. He also makes a vow that is a digression from the conventional masculinity found in the play as he says to Juliet in the same scene, lines 50-51, “Call me but love, and I’ll be baptiz’d; / Henceforth I never will be Romeo.” The act of suggesting to give up his name for his lover is unconventional even by today’s standards and hence Romeo serves as a digression to the gender roles in the play. Likewise, the leading role of Romeo in the movie is also attributed with the vulnerable quality of embracing his feeling towards another man and be unashamed of being gay. Hence, there are similarities to be found in the attachment both the Romeo from the play and the Romeo from the movie have with their inner feelings and how dedicated both of them are to pursue them. However, the movie Romeo, does not depict the themes of lowering his own stature for Juliet, yet typical gender role seems to be inverted, or at least altered to an extent.

 

The females in the play in the city of Verona are almost considered second class citizens, suppressed by patriarchal regimes and households that quench their inner desires and control their lives absolutely. They are primarily considered a weaker sex, and hence, their opinions are not paid heed to. They are burdened by the traditions of pleasing their male family members, such as satisfying their parents, husbands, and bearing offspring. In this play, Lady Capulet, Juliet’s mother, exemplifies this image in Act 1, Scene 4, lines 70-72, as she says, “Here in Verona, ladies of esteem, / Are already made mothers. By my count, / I was your mother much upon these years”. This depicts the social burden women bear of being there for everyone and the cost of having no identity and life for their own selves.A difference in the play version and the movie version is that there are no female characters in the movie. But it is important to point out that all female characters were played by men in Shakespeare’s time and in this version too, a man is playing Juliet. Gender roles of female characters are layered with complexities in both instances.

 

Like Romeo, Juliet too deviates from the traditional female roles found in the play. Juliet disobeys the societal roles imposed on women. For instance, when Juliet sees Romeo at her Father’s party for the first time, she does not shy away from indulging in flirtations with Romeo, unlike the role assigned to an unmarried girl in the play’s social setting. She is instead brave and bold and even allows Romeo to kiss her. Similarly, there are many other instances where Juliet exemplifies opposite gender roles. She is shown to be the dominant one in her relationship with Romeo as during the balcony scene in Act 2, Scene 2, lines 143-144, she mentions, “If that thy bent of love be honorable, / Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow.” These lines indicate that Juliet is the one wearing pants and is outward enough to initiate the marriage plans with Romeo, despite knowing the intensity of the family feuds between their houses, Capulets, and Montagues. Moreover, Juliet is very open about her desires as she states in Act 3, Scene 2, lines 26-28, “O, I have bought the mansion of love, / But not possess’d it, and though I am sold, / Not yet enjoy’d. So tedious is this day”. Additionally, Juliet is an absolute rebel who goes against her parents’ orders and rebels against marrying Paris. On the other hand, Romeo too is comfortable with Juliet handling the business on her own and having her air of authority. Hence their characters defy conventional standards of prescribed gender roles.It is essential to note that although there are no females in the movie, the gender pronouns remain the same in the movie. So, despite the fact that Juliet in the movie is actually a male, the character is still given feminine pronoun. This act in itself is a diversion from the norm. Further, like Juliet in the play questions the family divide, the Juliet in the movie questions the gender divide in the sense that a “she”, despite being a male, can survive in a cadet college. Additionally, the movie also attempts to dethrone the stigma attached with gay relationships by calibrating two men in a relationship like Shakespeare attempted to demonstrate the power of star-crosses lovers in the face of political divisions.

 

All in all, it can be said that majority of the play’s characters conform to the assigned gender roles of being a man and being a woman in Verona. They succumb to societal values and make sexist remarks and supplement the patriarchy. While the movie Private Romeo is quite different in that regard, it has some similarities. The two main heroes of the play, Romeo and Juliet, defy the societal norm in the world of the play and movie. They go on a different stream and find their own personalities by sidelining the gender roles. Hence, it can be concluded that the play and the movie might be seemingly very different but do share some sort of common grounds with respect to their depiction of gender roles.

The novel “The Road” by Cormac McCarthy

 

Critical analysis of Sunshine State

Pages:3

The fiction story ‘Sunshine State’ by Adam Flynn highlights some climate changes in the realm of different ongoing projects. The short fiction story about climate discusses an imagination of the features related to the atmosphere. It is about environment future initiatives and discussion for the response of climate change. The novel presents a solar punk adventure, which is inspirational and provides the basis of Aqua Alta, a melancholic story. The concept of climate change-related to the humanitarian efforts that have transformed the future of bio-organisms. The way the climate is changing provides a fact about the rapid expansion of floods and a rise in sea levels. This story analyzes different states of the United States, such as Miami and Tennessee, which were undergone changed climate states. For instance, Tennessee was experiencing nice these days, as rains were good, lakes were full of water, thus making it favorable for boating, swimming, and fishing.

This story has discussed a positive response regarding climate change through the recreation of the wetlands in Florida. The central notion highlighted in the story is the impact of climate change, due to humanity, and it can be for many reasons (Szeman, Imre& Boyer, p.6). To understand the difference in climate, there are many factors to analyze, and scientific knowledge can better address these changes. The change in environment is attributable to the social change that came after rapid expansion in industries. Climate future initiatives highlight this impact under anthropology as this story was considered under the climate fiction contest in 2018. The text provides a basis for ominous cloudbank regarding climate storms and upcoming changes in the atmosphere. These changes can be in the form of rising sea levels, increased intensity of rains, and hot sun. The changed conditions in the environment are getting intense due to greenhouse air.

The impact of climate fiction illustrates the scientific involvement that is going to change the future and already has changed the current atmosphere. Climate change is a genre distinction that undertakes hard and soft Apaches in the form of physics and realism. The solar punk movements clearly highlight some space opera as the subgenre of environmental change. The literary analysis of climate change defines the warm conditions of climate and the resultant impact on the atmosphere. Science fiction presentation of the environment also presents the idea of social change. Climate change has brought a transformation in social life and humanity. With the advancement in science, the impact on climate is understood better (Putra & Adam p.9).

The changed notion of technology has put forward some essential concepts about discoveries, inventions and transformations in technological devices. Technology also made it better to understand the change in the environment with the term ‘climate change.’ The technological transformation also clearly highlight any ramifications in societal spheres. Climate fiction works in a better way that brings a change in a society if it is understood better to tackle the critical challenges to the environment (Meredith, Milkoreit p.27). The anthropology of climate change in this form envisages different stories of global warming, which relates to human efforts. In addition, these stories discuss that due to global warming, human lives will be changed.

The anthropology of this climate fiction story necessarily elaborates about the idea of global warming. The world issue of climate change is due to global warming. It is about the increasing level of carbon dioxide in the environment that is raising the temperature of the earth. The high temperature means high precipitation that, in turn, causes heavy rain. The global warming has changed and still changing human life patterns, yet some changes are depressing. ‘Sunshine State’ gives commentary from Dana Hudson and Adam Flynn as in terms of negotiation. For instance, Ramses is the negotiator for the insurance company that help people convince them to move from areas to avoid flooding.

 

Essay: idea of “fate”

Pages:3

Question:

We’ve talked a lot this semester about the idea of “fate,” comparing it to religious determinism (God has a plan) and to the rationalist’s or humanist’s notion of free will (Oedipus “deserved” his fate, because . . .) Write an essay on the differences between the various concepts of fate (including classical Greek [or Roman], Christian, Hindu and Buddhist fate) we’ve encountered in our readings here. You must use characters from at least 4 (four) of the “heroic” readings to illustrate your point(s) regarding FATE.  

Answer:

The classical tragedians including classical Greek, Christian, Hindu and Buddhist fate happened to appreciate the conflict between free will as well as fate. Amidst every tragedy their lay the struggle between the inclination of a human being to accomplish more and the desire to be the master of his or her fate and the inevitable truth as well as inclination to accept the relativity of fate in the most absolute sense. Virgil, Shakespeare and Sophocles as well as other classical writers would agree that the power of choice and the force of destiny tend to control the human life continually.

For the tragedian writer, Sophocles, fate tends to take over the will of a human being as the harder someone tries to avoid the inevitability of fate; the more difficult it gets for the individual to resist his or her fate. This is why almost all the characters in Sophocles’ plays tend to signify pride of changing destiny through human will as the downfall of an individual. The themes of resistance, recognition and reversal can be seen in the characters within classical plays. For example, Hamlet, remains aware of his own weaknesses as well as shortcomings and feels powerless in making those shortcomings and weaknesses right which he feels are the main aspects wrong in his life. Through intellectual maneuvering, Hamlet aims to alter his fate and sees clearly the consequences his choices will have. Hamlet is considered to be a Shakespearean hero who is bound within himself, as he has been born to high status but not power. The idea of fate is depicted in Hamlet as that of conflict in which God asks Hamlet one thing while he wants to peruse something else.

Oedipus, however, is one character among the long list of characters in classical tragic literature who stands on the mercy of gods and learns from the oracle about his faith. By knowing about his faith, Oedipus has fallen prey to his win fate and the irony is that his destiny prevails despite his efforts. This is because he feels proud after people choose him as their leader which is why he blindly fulfills the fate and prophecy by choosing to be the king and marrying Jocasta. Oedipus accepts his fate at the end and states that, “Oh God! It has come true. Light let this be the last time I see you.” This means that he accepted his destiny unlike Christian heroes in tragedy who have numerous other things motivating them.

When it comes to Greek tragedy, it can be seen that the characters who are influenced by fate happen to have a necessity of action surrounding them. For example, Oedipus displays no individuality but the whole point of the play is to uncover the hidden motivations of Oedipus while witnessing the power of fate. Furthermore, Fate as well as the concept of destiny in the Odyssey and the Aeneid is centered on the idea of duty. This is because Odysseus and Aeneus find themselves torn between duty and fate. This is because a single question revolves around Odysseus and Aeneus which is: if fate is already written and set within stone then should Odysseus and Aeneus fulfill their duty to their destiny or hope to create a fate of their own? Odysseus and Aeneus. However, it is noticeable that Odysseus and Aeneus have certain cultural as well as philosophical differences which places huge emphasis on how they reacted to the idea of fate in the play. The Greeks placed emphasis more on the worldly pleasures and pursuits which is why Odysseus naturally a war hero will have to return home eventually.

The Romans, on the other hand, emphasized heavily on Roman values which is why Aeneus is dutiful to the core as the god’s interfere in his journey for either fulfilment of fate or for personal gain. Odysseus wants to return home, however is a subjected to ill fate by the gods and Aeneus wants to fulfill his obligation which is a driving force behind Aeneus realizing his fate. The role and cultural differences of different tribes offer clear representation of people. As in the case of Odysseus and Aeneus, the idea of morality forms the basis of behavior and attitude in Greeks that has shown a clear example of worldly pleasure. The Greek disaster illustrates the role of Odysseus when it appears as moving on the way of God and how the fate is affected by destined events and a need of activity has encompassed them.







 

Essay: Heroic concept

Pages:3

Question:

We’ve discussed them extensively in class and on WebCampus, so now, which of the heroes (epic, or tragic) we’ve read about (Gilgamesh, Odysseus, Oedipus, Jesus, Rama, Kumagai or Atsumori, Lanval, Beowulf, Sir Gawain, Hamlet) comes closest to our contemporary concept of “heroic?” This answer will require you to define what you and your contemporaries consider “heroic,” if anything, as well as to detail the ways in which the character you’ve chosen measures up to that definition and the ways some of the others fail to measure up. Many very clever people have claimed that we live in an anti-heroic age (not believing in heroes any more at all.)

Answer:

Different set of values tend to make for different form of heroism and Beowulf is no exception to distinct values. Known as the first hero in medieval English Literature, Beowulf is a warrior who uses immense strength to overcome three different beasts. Beowulf comes closest to the contemporary concept of “heroic” because some heroes in popular culture today happen to act like Beowulf even though this character was created thousands of years earlier. However, values today do tend to be different from those in the medieval era which is why there are certain underlying differences. There are two distinct types of heroes. Some use sheer power and raw strength of moral as well as physical form to defeat the enemies while others incorporate their intelligence as well as wits while accompanied by ruthlessness as well as trickery.

 These different forms of heroism date back to ancient Greek heroism from the Odyssey to Iliad. For example, Achilles, considered to be a hero, indestructible, having a divine force as well as strength, comes in the category of one form of heroism while Odysseus is considered to be rather crafty as he uses less of brawn and more of his brain. Contemporary heroes do follow their lead, for example, Superman can mostly be associated with Beowulf, with raw power and strength that is superhuman while Batman is craftier like Odysseus who relies on determination as well as wits. There are many contemporary heroes who follow the direct approach of Beowulf which is why Beowulf comes the closest to the contemporary idea of heroism. For example, muscle strength is something that most contemporary heroes have which shares a direct link to Beowulf’s own strength. Luke Skywalker in Star Wars uses the Force which signifies raw power. When it comes to mythology, there are certain comparisons drawn between divine ancestry as well as a hero as the bold exploits of the god like hero are celebrated as well as favored by the gods. When it comes to Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon literature associates heroism with honor as well as themes of courage. For example, Beowulf follows obediently the Germanic heroic code which means that he possesses loyalty, wisdom, strength among other qualities which can be associated with contemporary concept of heroism.

It is imperative to note that Beowulf was written in Anglo-Saxon England where people migrated from Scandinavia and begun to develop different forms of moral and ethical conduct. This was also influenced by the conversion of majority of Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. However, there can be seen immense skepticism in Beowulf regarding the value of the Scandinavian warrior code as in the poem, the ideal king is the one who is a warrior and lives to demolish all kinds of monsters who might harm the citizens of his kingdom. There is however, one stark contrast to heroism in Beowulf which leads the reader to believe that Beowulf might be the antihero. This is because Beowulf is not much different from the monsters he defeats because just similar to the monster Grendel, Beowulf is also staunching strong, fights vigorously without the weapons and happens to be an outsider. Just as Beowulf takes revenge on Grendel’s mother, his mother is also motivated by revenge. The vice of Grendel is similar to that of Beowulf which happens to be the greed for obtaining treasure. Beowulf comes closest to the contemporary heroes because the narrator admires the strength as well as valor of the character. The values of a Scandinavian warrior are appreciated as well as an insight is provided into the heroism of a warrior king.

The characteristics which are similar in Beowulf and come closest to the idea of a contemporary hero happen to be humility, loyalty, strength as well as wisdom. Beowulf has the knack for being remembered by those that will come after him because of his brevity and strength. There are a lot of other traits such as self-sacrifice, courage as well as leadership accompanied with physical force and raw power which Beowulf shares with modern day heroes. The different aspects of Beowulf, such as Anglo-Saxon writing bravery attitude with respect is considered a significant topic of fortitude. At an instance, Beowulf opts submissively the Germanic chivalrous work that has shown its dependability, and shrewdness. The different roles of quality among different characteristics have provided with contemporary idea of chivalry. The description of a perfect ruler is provided as a person who is a warrior and lives among beasts who may hurt the residents of his realm

Essay: Dante “built” his version of hell

Pages:3

Question:

Dante “built” his version of hell utilizing rather equal measures of Roman Catholic doctrine and his own personal perspective regarding the guilt or innocence of the people he put there (his personal perspective seems sometimes rather vindictive). Pick one character who seems to be in hell for reasons the Catholic church of that time would approve, and one or two who seem to be there simply because Dante was “getting even.” Explain how this is so in each case using details from the poem as well as from whatever historical sources you wish to utilize. (MANDATORY)

 

Answer:

While exploring the different circles of hell in Dante’s Inferno, the reader finds that different forms of sins are relegated. Throughout the read, one comes across different forms of punishments for sins and in the circle Canto 18, also known as Malebolge, where fraud is punished, one comes across a priest entangled in the eight circle of Hell. The priest is the character with which Dante “gets even”. A priest is normally considered as a man of moral obligation and is someone who could not possibly end up in hell but like Dante, readers also find themselves shocked to find a priest in hell. The priest in hell denotes the defamation of Church and how Dante is getting even with the Church by pointing out the corruption amidst the Catholic Church.

The priest is present in hell for sinning and is guilty for defrauding the congregation and this is what Dante is angry at. Through Dante’s portrayal of the priest in hell, his anger at the Catholic Church is reflected as he condemns it in his work. In fact, the priest was actually the notoriously corrupt Pope Boniface VIII who reigned from the year 1294 to 1303. Pope Boniface made several attempts to enhance the position as well as power of Catholic Church.

Pope Boniface was also known as the enemy of Dante as Dante highly vocalized as well as advocated for the separation of state and church. Although Pope Boniface is not present within the inferno physically, however, he is portrayed as the symbol of sin in the form of the priests and clerics in hell. Pope Boniface is mentioned by the Simonist Pope Nicholas III who is in hell for selling absolution with indulgence. Pope Nicholas III mistakes Dante for Boniface as he says,” “Are you already standing, already standing there, o Boniface?”. Pope Boniface was already alive when Dante wrote The Divine Comedy so he could not place Pope Boniface in hell but he could portray him as being one of the sinners destined for hell by condemning him.

Dante placed the still living Branca d’Oria and Fra Alberigo to get even with the Church as he committed the biggest breach of the Catholic theology in the Divine Comedy. This is because the idea of placing a sinner in hell even before they are dead is something that is contradictory to the orthodox Catholic beliefs. Many of the scenes in Dante’s inferno happen to be something that are condemned by the Catholic Church. Although many of the scenes in Dante’s Inferno rely on illustrations of Christian morals, his representation of Branca d’Oria and Fra Alberigo are completely opposite the beliefs of Christian morals to emphasize on the crimes of the sinners who were condemned to the ninth circle. Vanni Fucci di Pistoia is thecharacter who seems to be in hell for reasons the Catholic church of that time would approve. This is because the character is a thief who stole from the Church. He was sent to the eight circle of hell where the felons and thieves are punished. When asked by Dante, he replied that he is in hell for the sin of stealing from the Church of St. James and for accusing a man for a crime that was innocent\. The innocent man was known as Vanni della Nona who was then executed. Although the thief, Vanni Fucci, was not caught, he was sent to Hell for stealing Church property. The property stealing is a crime that is not forgiven due to holy perspectives.

Count Ugolinodella was an Italian nobleman, politician as well as naval commander who was accused for treason and was condemned to hell. He was seen chewing the neck of Archbishop Ruggieri as Ruggieri locked him as well as his sons when he was alive in a tower which led to their death. The sin of treason for which Ugolinodella Gherardesca was condemned are the ones for which the Catholic Church would approve of. The offences of circle nine and eight falls under fraud which Ugolino della Gherardesca committed. The count admits to Dante of cannibalism as he states that he ate his children for his desire to survive the circumstances he was thrown in. This is why when Dante comes across Ugolino in hell, Ugolino is eating the skull of Ruggieri. Thus Count Ugolino has been portrayed throughout history as being the Cannibal Count. The crime of Ugolino made him famous in history, due to the cannibalism aspects the tribe faced darkness and horrible kind of disasters.

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