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Corporate Social Responsibility & Organizational Performance

Pages:7

Social corporate responsibility (CSR) is a long term framework that companies adopt to enhance the welfare of society. In the past decade, the initiatives companies took for their stakeholders offered them several benefits regarding reduced costs, maintaining legitimacy and gaining competitive advantages. Different companies like Coca-Cola and Walt Disney, through their business, built reputational capital and achieved a win-win position through the value creation process. The term CSR is rapidly influenced by legitimacy and engaging modern concepts like business ethics, managing stakeholder’s value and social performance. The expression of these terms is related to multiple investment options, practices and corporate citizenship acts(Gong Ke, Z. Z. 2011).

Business management scholars always investigate the significance of CSR as under organizational objectives, yet the influence of profitability is linked to these goals. The economists Milton Friedman believed that companies should focus on economic interests as the stakeholder’s value. The variety of stakeholders, such as suppliers, employees, and customers’ community, feel value creation is a significant process because business gets to benefit from CSR programs.  The stakeholder’s relationship can be neutralized when business cases are more pragmatic(Jingwen Mi, S. J. 2018).  Socially responsible investment movement allows a positive relationship between corporate financial performance and corporate social performance. A research study has found a relationship between financial performance and social initiatives of companies that were aligned on their organizational goals. Considering CSR a strong business case, it is likely to consider that improvement of its bottom line. This viable choice of business is used to risk management and implement low-cost practices. Due to CSR implementation, a competitive advantage is achieved, which related to synergistic value creation. A business case under empirical research work for the potential structure of the economy that is built on the syncretic stewardship model ((Flávia Cavazotte, N. C. 2016).

CSRs or Corporate Social Responsibility have developed into a very integral element of today’s business setting. CSRs are mainly an ever progressing business process that initiates sustainable business development into any organization. Actually, these practices are the procedures that support a company to be socially responsible to not only its stakeholders but also towards the general public. The existence of a good CSR develops a positive image on the economic, social and environmental factors attached to the business.

Katie Schmidt is a creator of a famous clothing brand ‘Passion Lilie’, she is a proud business entrepreneur for starting an ‘ethical apparel brand’, that means an ethical business, with a fine CSR, can impact positively on a business by developing an organizations image, creating the group and motivating the employees as an entrepreneur. The reason behind in most of the times public opinion is very important for the success of the company. When a typical company has a positive picture in its customers’ eye, it surely can support the business to develop a reputation and name with their consumers that can be very valuable for all the long and short term success (Gong Ke, Z. Z. 2011).

The organizations in the developed countries may react to civil society and shareholders pressure to have social responsibility with extra seriousness by implementing strong CSR structure, except only to settle their opponents and exclusive of any awareness to real changes in their procedures. That means deliberate CSR obligations can just be the tool for organizations in the progress to anticipate actual regulation.

For example, Coca-Cola has started a new product Coca-Cola Life in many countries recently. It is sold in a recyclable bottle or in a green can, many critics state that with as much as 17 grams of sugar and 68 calories in one serving of soft drink is a tactic to trick the customer by the healthy product appearance. Nutritionists say that Coca-Cola Life must not be taken as a healthy option (Low, M. P. 2016).Displaying valuable Corporate Social Responsibility is a significant part of a company’s bigger goals. It is moreover an integral part of developing a more engaged company (DISNEY, W. 2019).

The question for organizations to adopt social responsibility is a never-ending issue. There apply two major factors of opposing Corporate Social Responsibility. Number one, it is thought that a company is a profit-based operation and production unit, and profit escalation is the basic goal of its administration. It has no obligation and responsibility to fulfil the government as well as society’s responsibilities towards the goodwill of the world. Secondly, the corporate social responsibility will change the way of the utilization of capital of the company that will be resulted in cost increase and fewer profits. It also can weaken the cooperativeness of the company; decrease the main targets of the company, therefore affecting the interests of financiers, workers and consumers. Thus, the company cannot afford this much social responsibilities. But, on the other side, many critics think that it is important for companies to take CSR for the betterment of society and its people (Guido Berens, C. B. 2005).

The significance of a strong CSR can be observed by the different research levels and examinations made over time by the time either in the shape of examining a company’s achievement or just by finding out by questionnaires and surveys the significance that these CSRs are kept at. One such study that supports this conducted by Cone Communications, they in research concluded that 60% or more Americans think that businesses should work for environmental and social change where government rules are absent. Other than this, a massive 90% of customers expressed their opinion that they like to buy a product of such company who worked for any issue people care about and around 75% of people surveyed rejected to purchase from such company who come to know that the company supports any contrary issue(Flávia Cavazotte, N. C. 2016).

In the present day, a company’s status is very important as customers, shareholders and employees are starting to priorities the Corporate Social Responsibility when selecting a product or brand as well as any organization for support or investment. Ahead of it, the same persons have started to think that the investment companies are liable for the change in their business approach, profits and practices. Failure to work at a suitable level will surely direct to some type of negative consequences for the company in question. Walt Disney is a globally famous animation entertainment company. To pass happiness to people around the world is their prime objective. Walt Disney produces goods with an ethical approach by minimizing its environmental effects. In March 2019 Walt Disney expanded social charity services and promised to spend 100 million USD in the coming five years to support and encourage patients of children hospital and families all over the world (Jingwen Mi, S. J. 2018).

In China, Alibaba group has worked to develop the quality of life of people of rural areas. Farmers in China are speeding up their integration into the era of internet, captivating young people from around China for the development of rural areas, promoting people of rural areas, and changing the global perception about China (Soo, Z. 2019). Alibaba has worked for the international market, created different electronic stages to support economic development, helped underdeveloped and developed countries, above all supported young people incorporated into world’s trade, and benefited the small business groups around the world.

Companies can get capabilities, social capital and resources during the course of accepting social responsibility. It brings several advantages to the companies, like, customer loyalty, retention and absorption of good employees, development of the commercial image, social trust and network, and progress in innovation potential (Low, M. P. 2016).

Business firms acquire transparency and sustainability due to CSR implementation because it is ubiquitous. Due to the structural framework, economic behaviour describes the relationship between society and organization, yet the organizational goals are necessary to be followed. In some research frameworks, this relationship is linked with aims and objectives. Certain values in organizations emphasize that sustainable development is oriented to organizational goals. CSR under multinational enterprise is implied on business strategy with an inherent focus on global supply chains. The globalization under environment protection and human resource management is prevailed in the CSR framework to organize sustainable development goals (Flávia Cavazotte, N. C. 2016). Inter-governmental bodies under cooperation and UN-based conventions have viewed CSR impact inherently.

The political, social and environmental factors are key to consider in small, medium enterprises because global supply chains are working on effective communication and technology-based interventions. According to research evidence, social values led models to allow organizations to adopt CSR initiatives because it works positively for economic and non-economic reasons. The syncretic business model allows narrow and broad bases that show how financial performance can directly impact corporate social responsibility model of organizations. It is found from research studies that organizational goals are positively related to financial performance that impacts CSR. In different frameworks, firms need to identify and exploit the opportunities that can serve business productively (Worldwide, F. 2015).  It is true that stakeholders’ eyes’ should not be blurred under the act of corporate social responsibility but accurate picture should be given.

References

Worldwide, F. (2015, November). Financier. Retrieved from The importance of corporate social responsibility: https://www.financierworldwide.com/the-importance-of-corporate-social-responsibility

Flávia Cavazotte, N. C. (2016). A Study of Publicly Traded Companies. Internal Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance.

Guido Berens, C. B. (2005). Corporate Associations andConsumer Product Responses. TheModerating Role of Corporate BrandDominance, 35-48

Soo, Z. (2019, November 11). South China Morning Post . Retrieved from Consumers from China’s smaller cities lift Alibaba to new Singles’ Day record as buyers shrug off trade war: https://www.scmp.com/tech/e-commerce/article/3037137/chinese-consumers-spend-us1-billion-first-minute-alibabas-singles

Jingwen Mi, S. J. (2018). Journal of Management and Sustainability. The Relevance of Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of Listed Companies , 41.

DISNEY, W. (2019). 2019 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY UPDATE. The Walt Disney Company.

Gong Ke, Z. Z. (2011). Engineering Education and Management. In C. Z. Liangchi Zhang, In JiLin Province Native Brand Design Thinking (pp. 437-439). Berlin: Springer.

Low, M. P. (2016). Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Evolution of Internal Corporate Social Responsibility in 21st Century.

Debate on Corporate Social Responsibility Summary(Opens in a new browser tab)

Managing Corporate Social Responsibility(Opens in a new browser tab)

 

Managing Corporate Social Responsibility

Pages:5

In the first chapter, the author has discussed the basic concept of corporate social responsibility and its relation to an organization’s mission, stakeholders, and its culture. CSR is the deliberate actions that a firm applies as it follows its own mission and accomplishes its apparent compulsion to stakeholders, including staff, the environment, communities, and civilisation as a whole. Internal and external communication is essential for the CSR process. Numerouseconomicallyefficaciousfirms have been slated for making and causing environmental harms that their CSR programs address (e.g., Wad dock, 2007). CSR actions should not be proposed to misdirect open observations or shroud bad behaviours. Or maybe, the choice to grasp CSR is essentially perplexing and ought to be predicated on the information that it will help create and execute a sound hidden procedure. This present book’s procedure situated structure is grounded in a correspondence viewpoint that recognizes a partnership’s association with partners, culture, political frameworks, and financial frameworks. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

In the second chapter, the author describes and explains strategic CSR. When more prominent organizations incorporate CSR in their organizational plans and goals it becomes strategic CSR. Organizations can gain a competitive advantage using strategic CSR by minimizing wastes, reducing costs, producing organic food, which will ultimately help society satisfy their social concerns. There are 4motives & CSR alongside 2 dimensions of CSR. It is esteem driven, cause-oriented, stakeholder/ partner-driven, or delivered as per the desires. Hence, it can be concluded that it is vital while alongside other relevant conventional business targets. The CSR model is a ceaseless procedure that includes 5 phases. The principal arranges is Scanning and observing, second is leading developmental research, thirdly making the CSR activity, fourthly conveying the CSR activity, and in conclusion, directing assessment, and giving input. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

In the next chapter, the author has explained the whole CSR scanning and monitoring process. This is the first stage of the CSR model. Scanning is done from the environment to seek threats and opportunities. It causes the associations to occupy their attention on the rising social and ecological issues that could influence the CSR-related impressions of the association. In opposition to checking, observing includes evaluating responses to current CSR activities. Observing is a significantly more constrained methodology than checking in light of the fact that it is limited to winning CSR endeavours. Though, Scanning may distinguish a CSR related issue and rank it generally high as a worry. The two procedures ought to go with consistently to get a preferred position for the association. The stakeholders of the organization should be involved in the scanning and monitoring process. Regular analysis of the CSR issues conducted by the stakeholder committee would help them identify the specific CSR issues that need attention. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

The next step of the CSR model is Formative Research. The formative research analyses the CSR issues in detail which are selected from scanning and monitoring. It provides all the necessary information required for selecting the most important CSR concern and converting it into a CSR initiative. Not many organizations have the budget and time to deal with all the CSR concerns. Formative research helps management to take action quickly with all the essential info available. The expectations of stakeholders should be met while finalizing the CSR initiatives. This can be done by using two of the approaches that are expectation gap and alignment approaches. The gaps cannot be neglected as stakeholders can become offensive because CSR initiatives will not be aligned to societal concerns. Corporations are mostly interested in only those CSR concerns which will have a positive influence over the stakeholders and society. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

 

The next chapter discusses the formulation of CSR initiatives, decision making of the top management to shortlist and prioritize CSR concerns. This stage involves the mutual understanding of all the parties taking part in decision making. There can be a clash between the stakeholders due to their different interests and views on CSR which is a natural part of the final decision-making process. Stakeholder concerns should be taken due to three important characteristics. The first factor is stakeholder authority, second is the legality and third is a demand by the stakeholder. These are considered Salience factors. The management should figure out the financial cost and return on investment of the selected CSR initiative. The CSR objectives should be identified as the process of CSR initiative and its outcomes. The stakeholders should also create some assessment methods and standards to analyse the effectiveness of CSR objectives. Stakeholders’ involvement helps the corporation determine their impact on decision making and the effects of outcomes and CSR concerns affecting the Stakeholders. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

In the next part, after creating a CSR initiative is to present it to all the concerned stakeholders whether external or internal. The employees working inside the organization are the internal stakeholders. Whereas everyone who gets directly affected by the CSR initiative decision or have a mutual interest in the organization. Initially, the internal stakeholders should be informed about the CSR decision. They will help the organization in communicating the decision to the external stakeholders. To avoid any reaction from the internal or external stakeholders before the announcement of the CSR initiative decision, management should make a sound plan to deal with all the opposing acts. Ultimately the management should make a decision of communication method used to deliver and report the final CSR initiative decision. As stakeholders are interested in receiving an authentic report on CSR initiatives so that they can provide their feedback. Currently, there is no hard and fast rule for delivering CSR reports so organizations can provide the information according to their desire. But this step is crucial as it has a vital part for the whole strategic process. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

The next step is the process of evaluation based on which feedback is provided regarding the CSR initiative decision. The process of evaluation involves systematic procedures for the analysis of the CSR initiatives and the objectives being involved obtained or not. Management should not rely solely on stakeholder concerns but also take into consideration other factors as well. In some cases organizations focus on satisfying the stakeholder’s concerns only. To get a clear understanding of the results of CSR, the outcomes of the objectives should be analysed. It provides a translucent picture of the facts that how efficiently and to what extent CSR initiatives have served the concerns of the stakeholders or the organization. The results would help financial stakeholders get a clear understanding of the exact return on investment. In some cases, non-tangible benefits cannot be estimated after the implementation of CSR initiatives. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

In the last part of the book, the author has discussed are the problems and issues for fulfilling the CSR initiatives. Problems that arise and affect the CSR initiative can be dealt with easily by taking supportive managerial actions. The CSR initiatives are helping the society in several ways. The supervisors in any organization should do a profound thought process on every process of CSR initiative. There are several benefits of CSR initiatives and their implementation in the corporate sector. It helps to decrease child labour ratio and poverty, improve human rights, pursue social justice, and help people live healthier lives. Many organizations are working together on the same cause to create and implement effective CSR initiatives for the betterment of society. (Timothy Coombs, 2012)

References

 

Timothy Coombs, S. J. (2012). Managing corporate social responsibility : a communication approach. Wiley Online Library.

 

Debate on Corporate Social Responsibility Summary

 

Debate on Corporate Social Responsibility Summary

Pages:8

The first part of the book introduces the discussion of corporate social responsibility by initiating with Jill J. McMillan, who discusses why corporate social responsibility? To sum up his debate, he says that over the years, individuals have stopped showing genuine care for each other. They don’t care that much for each other. The debate that why now to show this care is answered that. Lately, there has been a realization regarding how much there is a lack of moral authority, and corporation’s only focus on earning. Further, Michael Stohl discusses the new generation of CSR and how they are responding to this call.

Considering the overall changing global predicament, there have been significant efforts made in terms of CSR in the past three decades, and companies have moved on from being mature in their understanding of their corporate social responsibility, but be actual pragmatic and theoretical changes have occurred in their system. Malcolm McIntosh describes the progression of the companies from showing Corporate Social Responsibility to moving towards brand integrity. A brand that becomes renowned as socially responsible gains a lot of public respect. Either it is automobile companies turning towards making electric cars or fast-food chains using biodegradable packaging, moving towards sustainability has become a part of brand integrity now.

In the second part of the book, we learn about how social groups are facing corporate power to make them realize the repercussions of their actions. The 3rd generation CSR explores doesn’t represent any particular firm, individuals, groups, or interests that are specific. It also focuses on public & private boundaries to sort out the underlying issues. It further explains how corporations are playing by the set rules of CSR that are implied across the globe. They merely externalize the actual imports of the overall society and ignore the consequences of their actions.

It doesn’t mean that they are ill-intentioned. They are trying to meet the expectations, yet they need more clarity regarding the activities that are truly helpful and realize how CSR is defined nowadays. Mette Morsing talks about the Scandinavian companies that integrate their corporate strategies with ethics and social responsibility. Mette presents the thoughts that CSR is a moving and ongoing task. Companies need to evolve and immerse themselves in terms of their strategies towards CSR.

Glen Whelan discusses the case of CSR in Asia and Confucianism. The chapter discusses the importance of correct behavior towards CSR. Glen concludes on the importance of CSR in the modern-day corporate structure. Chew Wee Ng discusses the perceptions and practices related to CSR & PR in Singapore. Singapore has organized numerous conferences related to CSR over the years. The classic economists separate the economic approach from the approach of the stakeholders. The survey conducted showed the majority of the business owners depicted their understanding of the modern-day needs of CSR.

Mariela Perez discusses CSR in Mexico with the viewpoint of communication, which faces a lot of challenges in terms of the realization of its importance. From the 1990s onward, Mexico also went through a lot of changes in terms of business and strategy. As per the findings of the study, Mariela found it to be still a new topic to be discussed in Mexico’s business fraternity. There still is a need for a lot of effort to be done, and business needs to change.

In the next part, Methew Seeger discusses the Legal vs Ethical Arguments regarding the CSR. As per Seeger, organizations can’t just be bounded in terms of their understanding of the law. As per their knowledge, there need to be legal strictures placed to address these issues. There need to be ethical boundaries, and moral contingencies need to be placed. Adding to that, a social responsibility model alongside an approach to address organizational responsiveness also needs to be introduced. Keith Michael Hearit discusses the element of corporate deception and Fraud. Legal perspectives are discussed concerning misconduct on behalf of organizations towards their legal obligations, and they need to act socially responsible in predicaments where there is a crisis situation.

They should apologize directly to the victim in that predicament. John Llewellyn discusses the regulations set by the government regarding the CSR. If the governments set rules to follow the basic CSR rules, firms will automatically need to adapt as per the law. The standard rules and regulations will aid in adapting to the situation automatically. Dean Ritz focuses on the concept of corporate personhood and being socially responsible. It helps in bringing out the political predicament, yet the individuals/ human beings also need to rise to the occasion and play their roles in such difficulties.

In the next section, James Arnt Aune discusses the modern-day capitalism and CSR. James discusses Friedman’s arguments and the CSR debate that highlights the role capitalism to be kinder and gentle. Capitalism is always presented as very cold and the CSR debate is dependent upon the assumptions. Facts need to be included more into this debate. Dana L Cloud discusses CSR as an oxymoron, its utilization, and exploitation at boeing. As per her understanding, CSR consists of the real interests of workers that will come up against the essential elements of injustice in capitalism.

Critics of the concept of CSR, as per her understanding must concern themselves with politics. Stewart Lawrence discusses the accounting of sustainability, and as per his/her knowledge, modern societies are involved in their overall understanding. If firms are held accountable for their actions, firms will become more serious about keeping their teams responsible for their actions. An external factor like accountability is highly integral in building the element of understanding regarding this topic. Brenden Kendall discusses consumer activism regarding any issues in a predicament. Consumers need to realize their rights regarding the CSR’s that the companies need to address in their conduct. They need to be conscious of their roles as consumers.

The next part begins with Stanley Deetz discusses the importance of providing a communication-based understanding regarding the complex processes of life. There also needs to be a direction regarding official communication from the government regarding their practices. Stakeholders and other members should be guided to maintain social values CSR. Grant Samkin discusses the threats of sustainability concerning corporate & institutional responses to HIV. There is a need for inclusiveness in the understanding and realization of the problems related to and causing HIV. Companies need to address the crises associated with HIV and how it is infecting the overall predicament.

Marcus Breen addresses the impact of indigenous people on business and society. As per his understanding, they stand on the crossroad where they don’t realize the effect of uniformity and challenge the fundamental assumptions of globalization. The realization of evolving needs is necessary to help them understand the benefits. Graham Knight describes activism, risks, and communicational policies. The movements for sustainability need to become more serious, and the activism related to them needs to be replaced. The interests of producers and consumers both need to be there to implement any policy.

The next chapter begins with Connie Bullius discussing the corporate environmentalism. As per her understanding from the study conducted, more companies haven’t mentioned/ portrayed environmental stances as their primary concern. Hence businesses need to be more open regarding their position on sustainability. Sharon Livesey, in an article, discusses the greening of corporations. A per her understanding, the greening of the brands has an impact on not only the overall market but other competitor brands as well. The practitioners and researchers need to set indicators to further emphasize on the matter. Todd Norton discusses the discourses regarding Public Space & sustainability.

The society promotes sustainability by bridging the gap between social practices. Environmental regulations need to be enforced in order to implement the rules. The US Congress enacted 1982 Act of Coastal Barrier Resources to increase the cost of construction in coastal areas. Yim Ongkrutraksa discusses environmental marketing and advertising techniques to promote sustainability. As per his understanding, voluntary actions need to be taken by the organization, and the ads need be made to encourage the habits like recycling and other practices to promote green culture.  Japan, China, and Thailand have made such ads and tactics have led to promote these actions of the government.

Shiv Ganesh describes the sustainable development discourse for the global economy. He highlights the impact of the green economy and how sustainability impacts the overall economic system. To generate meaningful conversations, there needs to be a more profound realization and understanding of the whole predicament to make things better. Douglas Crawford describes the roles of corporate species in the ecosystem. Global climate impact human health directly and the corporate sector while understanding the predicament needs to consider this while making their decisions.

Corporations that are realizing the importance of sustainability are highly commendable and those that give importance to environment quality, economic vitality. Social justice need to work following the changes required in policies, and new structures need to be introduced. Global organizations, Industry regulating authorities, and other entities need to fill in with these economies as per the designs of sustainable communities across the globe. The final section begins with the debate of Eva Collins that discusses if sustainability is sustainable or not? She discusses the management fashions, CSR techniques, sustainable businesses need to develop a framework to address the issues that are existing in the society.

Sustainability needs to be emphasized as the most critical issue & only by prioritizing it can the matter be resolved. Jeanna Abbot writes on CSR and public policy making while emphasizing on the role of government in enforcing laws against this act. There needs to be actions taken in order to make actual difference in terms of CSR and a proper public policy can ensure to address all the concerns presented in the argument. NGO’s role should be taken over by the government organizations that need to address this issue. Priya Kurian describes the case of Subaltern Public while elaborating the postcolonial perspectives on CSR.

As per the understanding, CSR needs to be changed in terms of its references and more immersive ideas need to be endorsed. Lars Thoger describes about the post-modern remarks regarding the issues related to CSR and presents a different overview of the topic. The responsiveness and responsibility are also interconnected and not just the firms but practices also need to change. Lastly, Patricia Wehane discusses the CSR in comparison to Corporate moral obligation to figure of there is a difference between the 2 and as per the findings companies that extend beyond their jurisdiction should be stopped.

 

How To Double Food Production Yield By 2050

Pages:2

OUTLINE

TITLE: How To Double Food Production Yield By 2050

  1. Introduction: There is a big shortfall between the amount of food we produce today and the amount needed to feed everyone in 2050. There will be nearly 10 billion people on Earth by 2050—about 3 billion more mouths to feed than there were in 2010. As incomes rise, people will increasingly consume more resource-intensive, animal-based foods. 
  2. Food sustainability: It is needed to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural production and stop the conversion of remaining forests to agricultural land
  3. Problem Statement: Food production and environmental protection must be treated as equal parts of agriculture’s grand challenge
  4. Objective of study: the objective is to propose solutions to a current major problem, i.e., the food production in 2050.
  5. Theoretical Framework: Feeding 10 billion people sustainably by 2050, then, requires closing three gaps:
  • A 56 percent food gap between crop calories produced in 2010 and those needed in 2050 under “business as usual” growth;
  • A 593 million-hectare land gap (an area nearly twice the size of India) between global agricultural land area in 2010 and expected agricultural expansion by 2050; and
  • An 11-gigaton GHG mitigation gap between expected agricultural emissions in 2050 and the target level needed to hold global warming below 2oC (3.6°F), the level necessary for preventing the worst climate impacts.
  1. Literature Review: The scholars have focused on the International trade, and natural resources aspects to discuss the food shortage. It is important to discuss, Are the projected increases in land, water use and yields feasible?
  2. Problems/ Challenges: Agriculture in the 21st century faces multiple challenges: it has to produce more food and fibre to feed a growing population with a smaller rural labour force, more feedstocks for a potentially huge bioenergy market, contribute to overall development in the many agriculture-dependent developing countries, adopt more efficient and sustainable production methods and adapt to climate change
  3. Recommendations: Specifying quantitative targets, the researchers contend, will clarify the scope of the challenges that agriculture must face in the coming decades, focusing research and policy on achieving specific outcomes.
  • Reduce food loss and waste
  • Shift to healthier, more sustainable diets
  • Avoid competition from bioenergy for food crops and land
  • Achieve replacement-level fertility rates
  • Increase livestock and pasture productivity
  1. Conclusion: Despite increased discussion of sustainability in agriculture, the common narrative that we need to drastically increase food production is seldom challenged in agricultural circles, according to the researchers. Aiming to double food production makes it much harder to move the needle on our environmental challenges. To double food production, it is important to increase global agricultural output faster than we ever have before, and we are at a point in the developed world where we already are pushing our farming systems to the max. We don’t know how to double yields in these systems, especially without multiplying our environmental impacts.
  2. References

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