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Why Debt Relief Should Be The Answer To This Coronavirus Crash

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Case Study Questions

Pandemics do not just affect health, they also rip individual economies aspect too. For many people  affected  by  the  coronavirus,  including  those  who  do  not  fall  sick,  economic  survival will be a primary concern. When businesses closeand workers no longer get paid, the bills for unpaid  rents,  mortgages  and  consumer  loans  quickly  accumulate.  Cities  have  already  shut down of their transport services, shops, cafes and cinemas. Mass lay-offs are on the horizon. Unemployment insurance willcover some, at least for a time. But self-employed and temporary workers, and households that live pay-cheque to pay-cheque, do not have such buffers.The 2008 crisis should have been a reminder that debt is not a substitute for income. Likewise, ensuring households can afford the basics of everyday life by broadening access to loans and credit cards is no replacement for effective social policy. But instead of heeding these lessons, governments focused on fixing the financial sector, bailing out the banks to ensure they would lend again.As  a  result,  we  are  now  watching  two  overlapping  crises  unfold:  the  coronavirus  pandemic, and the economic threat it poses to our debt-fuelled economy.

 

We urgently need debt relief –especially  for  households  at  the lower  end  of  the  income  and  wealth  spectrum.  Most interventions  that  governments  have  taken  so  far  have  targetedfinancial  markets   and businesses. Unless governments also implement measures aimed at indebted households and renters, such measures are unlikely to prevent a meltdown driven by rapidly falling demand for goods and services. The  economists  Gabriel  Zucman  and  Emmanuel  Saez  have  called  for  asocial  insurance schemeto  tackle  the  economic  shock  wrought  by  coronavirus.  This  would  broaden  the government’s role, making it not just  a  lender  but  a  buyer  of  last  resort.  The  scheme  would compensate for the demand that has evaporated from the economy. With the airline industry, for  example,  if  demand  for  flights  drops  by  80%,  the  government  would  buy  80%  of  plane tickets.  Small  and  medium-size  businesses,  which  are  the  least  insulated  against  economic shocks,  are  most  likely  to  benefit  from  this  intervention.  Still,  on  its  own,  this  would  not alleviate the stress of many deeply indebted households.

 

To  be  sure,  it  is  not  easy  to  tailordebt  relief  to  only  truly  distressed  households.  There  will always be free riders who will take advantage of debt relief packages without needing to do so. But this should not prevent governments from intervening now. There is no better example of an  exogenous  shock  than  coronavirus.  The  overriding  concern  today  should  not  be  moral hazards, but massive default rates that will leave millions of people destitute.To treat the economic fallout of coronavirus, governments should directly assume the debt of high-risk households. It is often said that the public health of the majority is determined by the most vulnerable in society. The same logic applies to a healthy political and economic system: its stability depends on how it treats its weakest members. Hedging our bets on an economic system that has neglected these truths and instead prioritised wealth creation at the top has put us all at risk. There is still a small window to rectify these past wrongs, by urgently granting debt relief to the households worst affected by coronavirus.

Source: Adapted and modified from The Guardian, 18 March 2020, Why debt relief should be the answer to this coronavirus crash, viewed on 26 March 2020, <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/debt-relief-coronavirus-crash>.

Question 1

Evidence the group of life-cycle stages being affected most during the Coronavirus crisis?(30 marks)

Question 2

Discuss the financial concern encounter by household during the Coronavirus crisis (note: To answer this question, you need to ask at least FIVE (5) persons regarding the types of financial concern). (30 marks)

Question 3

Diagnose the TWO (2) Malaysian social securities’ being assign by government to ease the financial burden for household? Discuss the mechanism functions on how to help the affected household.  (40 marks)

Case Study Answers

Economy during Coronavirus

Question 1

Evidence the group of life-cycle stages being affected most during the Coronavirus crisis?(30 marks)

 

The economic business cycle is an indicator of the tide the economy usually follows through time. It consists of six major potions namely expansion, boom, recession, depression, trough and recovery in cyclical order and the company business cycle, hence, derives stages from the macro business cycle namely launch, growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline. The coronavirus has become a global crisis in a very short amount of time, and where many economists had predicted a global recession in 2020, they now foresee a world depression because of the severity brought forward by the novel virus and what its solution entails for now. The ripple effect of the virus is extremely important to be studied and analyzed to understand the new situation that the world might face and for that product life-cycles are essential to be looked at. Once the problem has been targeted, it might be easier to deal with it with a focused solution.

It must be understood that in an economic system followed today, one person’s spending is another person’s income. Added to this phenomenon is the undeniable reality of the strongly interconnected world we live in today that entails that if some mega disruption is caused in one part of the world, other countries are bound to feel the impact. The financial indicators used to explain the position of the life cycle commonly include cash flow, sales and profit. Taking a closer look at these will enable analysts to predict which one is being the most negatively impacted by the virus.

Sales mean the sale revenue generated by the exchange of good and services, and because of the virus, buyers are not encouraged to purchase because they are bound to stay at homes and follow social distancing. Profit entails the surplus amount earned on the product by subtracting the total costs from the total selling price, and since the sales have gone down by a large margin, profits have fallen. The most hurt sector appears to be the cash flow as it forms the basis to allow the impact on sales and profits. It is important to remember that the economy is the most stable when it is the most liquid, in other words, when the money flow is continuous, and there are no pauses. However, the epidemic is of such nature that has become a significant barrier in the flow of cash. The global demand has plummeted drastically as a result of almost one-third of the entire world being in lockdown. This can be evidenced by the fall in the oil prices as a result of a fall in demand. Here although this might benefit the oil importers, the oil exporter will lose out.

The hindrance in the cash flow has resulted in negative cash flow where the intake of money is lesser than its outflow. These can be felt by the governing bodies, especially as despite the cut down in spending by the people; the government has to support its people by giving out unemployment benefits, subsidies and easy loans.

Conclusively, the famous statement that “cash is king” is found to be evident in this scenario where the difficulty in cash flows are leading the world into an economic turmoil where many economists predict that it might be worse than the 2008-09 crisis. After analyzing this, decision-makers must introduce reforms and changes to fix the system to minimize the negative impact on the people.

 

 

 

 

Question 2

Discuss the financial concern encounter by the household during the Coronavirus crisis (note: To answer this question, you need to ask at least FIVE (5) persons regarding the types of financial concern). (30 marks)

 

The economic impact of the coronavirus seems unparalleled as many economists are predicting an economic depression to come. Many households are worried how the effect will affect them, but the most stressed are the daily wagers, whose income is dependent upon the very places that are being shut down and due to the lockdown, they are unable to carry out their jobs.

Daily wagers include people who do not have a fixed income but whose wage is dependent on how many orders they receive for their individual assistance, such as plumbers, electricians and labourers who are not linked with any formal sector firm. Lockdowns have been imposed in many countries to reduce the spread of the virus, and resultantly, these people are getting no orders and hence, in essence, are unemployed. Unemployment is the most feared outcome many households might face because of this pandemic. In such cases, many governments have come up with unemployment benefits, such as in Pakistan the Prime Minister announced that 200 Billion Pakistani Rupees would be distributed among daily wagers during this trying period.

Another problem the households are facing includes the payments of loans and rents during this pandemic. Many wagers have received payment cuts due to the pause in production cycles. Hence paying bills, repayment of loans, instalments and paying rent can become a great source of stress for many households.

Moreover, another one of the primary concern for many households appears to be coping up with raised prices of necessary goods in their local markets coupled with the shortages of some products as a result of supply chain disruptions and panic buying.

Furthermore, those households that have a single breadwinner feel severely burdened during this pandemic. Especially the ones who are daily wagers and small business owners who are taking a severe burn from the crisis. The UN reports that 220 Billion Dollar loss might be faced in developing countries.

Additionally, the households that derive their incomes from those industries that are unable to adapt to the most suitable pattern in the crisis, in other words, are unable to convert their business and industry to a digital platform, such as spas, event, tourism, are facing a severe blow as well. Many businesses like the education sector and some medical advisory bodies have digitalized their structures and are rather capitalizing from this epidemic while the business that is unable to do so either because of their nature, or by the lack or skills, resources or structures, are suffering. This domino effect reaches the households of these businesses, and hence they feel the burden of the economic hardships under the covid-19 emergency.

 

 

Question 3

Diagnose the TWO (2) Malaysian social securities’ being assigned by the government to ease the financial burden for the household? Discuss the mechanism functions on how to help the affected house. (40 marks)

 

The Malaysian government has taken plausible action to ease the economic hardships felt by its people. Many social security policies have been made in an attempt to minimize the financial fallout of the coronavirus. According to the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board some leniencies in the taxation department include the announcements that “No penalty will be imposed on late payment of taxes provided the payment is made by 30 April 2020”, “there is an extension of time—until 30 April 2020—to submit Form CP204B, Submission of Notification of Change in Accounting Period, which is due in the period from 18 March 2020 to 29 April 2020”, and “An extension of time until 30 April 2020 is allowed for submitting documents for tax audit or investigation, otherwise due within the period of 18 March 2020 to 29 April 2020”. Further, the interim government of Mahathir Mohamad also came up with economic aid, specially dedicated to the country’s tourism industry. About 4.8 Billion Dollars have been dedicated to supporting the tourism industry on top of the fringe benefits included in the package for the industry. These two policies targeted towards taxation and tourism will ease out the economic strife of many households.

 

The ease in taxation is an indication of the fact that the Malaysian government understands that health comes first and is the primary concern. Hence, the delay in tax payments granted by the government to its people will not only increase people’s trust in the government but will also encourage them to stay at homes and put their heaths as a priority as the date extension has bought them time. The Malaysian households have gotten hope that their government is with them during these trying times and hence has reduced the pressure of filing out tax returns in the middle of an epidemic.

The second policy that is solely targeted towards the tourism industry is an important one is stabilizing the households as tourism is one of the major industries of the country as evidenced by the fact that it forms about 13.3% of the country’s GDP (2018 Report). A large portion of the Malaysians are involved in this business, and many low-income families too are linked with the tourism industry. Hence, providing reliefs to the industry will target the people, low-income households, who are expected to be the most hurt during the economic struggle.

Hence, it can be observed that the Malaysian government is dedicated to standing together with its people in these difficult times by proving them with social relief policies in places where they need it the most. The taxation department and the tourism industry concerns many and covering these two entails that people related to these aspects will find some relief and find peace in their household to an extent.

 

 

Coronavirus

Pages:5

The COVID 19 pandemic has shocked the world suddenly. There are no clouds when this crisis will ends. However, we to get your help in identifying the following ”
– What we need to capture for this experience?
– How we can capture the values?
– What we can do now, and after the employees come to work again?
And anything else that we need to plan for.

Article

It would be an understatement to say that the novel coronavirus has changed the ways of life globally. The virus first emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan and slowly encompassed about 210 countries, resulting in the deaths of more than 1.5 million people in just a mere five months. The scale of covid-19 might be global, but its wave has not hit every country equally at the time as the number of reported cases and severe ones as well appear to be far higher in Europe and the US than in the rest of the world. China claims to have “flattened the curve” and has reduced restrictions related to social distancing, presently the only solution available for covid-19. This article will explore the changing way of life, lessons learnt from living in quarantine, the economic impact, and when life gets back to the “norm” (or will it?).

The coronavirus outbreak has changed a lot about normal lifestyles. With the closing of schools, universities, prayer places, shopping malls, parks and almost all the places except the hospitals and quarantine centres, a virtual lifestyle has peaked as meeting, classes and appointments have shifted to video calls over the internet. Along with the self-isolation policy, all of us are to follow to flatten the curve and reduce the spread of the virus, the closing of institutions for some has brought negative feelings. Another major change in the ways of life is that a safe distance of about 6 feet is to be maintained and no physical contact ought to be made with people who don’t physically live with you. This means that the affectionate gestures of meet and greet, such as a handshake or a hug, have vanished. These simple things in life are being missed by many so much so that a sense of fear and paranoia too has prevailed. Some people are structuring creative schedules as coping mechanisms such as cooking, giving themselves a haircut, painting and catching up with their readings. Additionally, travel bans have been implemented, and public gatherings made illegal. Quarantine and the lockdowns are new for mostpeople, but the threat of the deadly virus is forcing people to obey the order, though there are some exceptions.

The covid-19 outbreak has learnt numerous and profound lessons. Many people have realized that they have been taking simple things in life for granted and claim that they will appreciate life more after the battle with the virus is over. An important lesson leant from the virus is the fact that even significant parts of the world were unprepared for the virus, even after knowing the damage it had caused in Wuhan. The lack of efficient leadership on a political level has made people see the major loopholes in the healthcare and medical branch. For instance, the President of the US was warned time and again to prepare for the outbreak of the virus. Still, he kept on ignoring the advisory personnel until it was too late and not the US is the most severely affected country from covid-19, having lost more than 40,000 lives in just a month and a half. Despite the warnings of many scientists that the world needs to prepare for a pandemic, even the most developed countries ignored the call and are now suffering because of their ignorance.

The Chief environmentalist of the UN said, “The separation of health and environmental policy is a dangerous delusion. Our health entirely depends on the climate and the other organisms we share the planet with.” Hence, orders are being given to call off the unhygienic intake of food and the suggestive time to time washing of hands is proving beneficial for fighting against the virus.

Further, the efforts of the medical administration including, doctors, nurses and the rest of the medical staff, is extremely plausible as they have been fighting for their patients by putting themselves at risk and sacrificing meeting their loved ones to protect them. They have been declared the frontline fighters and their efforts have been acknowledged by the entire world.

Another eye-opener for everyone has been the positive impact the virus has had on nature. The outcome of social distancing has meant that fewer cars are on the road; less space is occupied by the man that leaves more space for nature. Many factories have stopped production, lessening the air pollution index in many cities.  According to a study done by Carbon Brief, a specialist outlet, the emission of polluted gases have fallen drastically, such as the carbon dioxide emissions fell by around 25% in China. There are many claims made that even the depletion of the ozone layer has slowed down and has instead recovered to an extent.

An important and worrisome impact of the virus other than the biological aspect is the economic aftermath. Many economists had predicted a world recession in 2020 before the pandemic, but this event has worsened it, and many global economists now suspect an economic depression. People being locked away and not producing materials is putting an immense burden on the economy. Hence many economists have been in favour of removing the lockdown, claiming that even if people survive the pandemic, the economic hardships afterwards might result in desperate times that may lead to their demise.

Leading world economist James Meadway stated “the correct Covid-19 response isn’t a wartime economy – with massive upscaling of production. Rather, we need an “anti-wartime” economy and a massive scaling back of production. And if we want to be more resilient to pandemics in the future (and to avoid the worst of climate change), we need a system capable of scaling back production in a way that doesn’t mean loss of livelihood.”

 

The coronavirus outbreak has made us realize how frail our market systems are. There are global alarm and speculation, and even governments are afraid that these systems might break down as supply chains are disrupted, social care is challenged, and healthcare has become questionable. Hence, a shift from the conventional economic system might provide a solution.

Many believe that this crisis has triggered a push towards economic imagination.

 

Finally, the most awaited question on everyone’s mind seems to be about going back to normalcy. It must be noted that many thinkers believe that the coronavirus is here to stay until its vaccine has developed. If it does not develop soon, then the period of social distancing will continue for a very long time, maybe even a year or two as postulated by many, such as analytical thinkers of the Business Insider and many more. However, some places that have successfully flattened the curve and have removed some restrictions such as China and Hong Kong. They are on their way back to the normal life, but it must be remembered that in the global village of today, no country can survive without others and if major world countries take longer to reopen their system, then the fully functional countries would not be able to continue trade and commerce that would naturally impact their economic and social systems.

 

It can be said that although there have been many pandemics before, this one feels completely new as the era it targeted did not expect it at all and despite the world being transformed into a post-modern world, it still lacks the basic necessities of proper health care and hygiene. The quarantine life may seem a bit bland as compared to the previous jovial life; it is a duty on all of us to protect ourselves and our loved ones from the heinous disease. Thus we should follow the instructions given by the authorities and hope for better days.

References

Blodget, Henry. When Will Life Go Back To Normal Again? Insider Today: Business Insider.

 

Oroschakoff, Kalina. 6 Ways the Coronavirus is Changing the Environment. POLITICO.

 

Torres, Ella. How life has changed since coronavirus struck. ABC news.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How the fear of Coronavirus spread affects the confirmation bias of investors in public equity market

Pages:8

Introduction

Behavioural finance is considered as a secondary field of behavioural economics that investigates the irrational behavior and cognitive psychology of investors and financial practitioners,which affects the investment returns and explains many empirical patterns (Ritter, 2003).This essay discusses how the recent worldwide outbreak of the Corona Virus affects the confirmation bias among investors throughout the world, thus opening the scope for potential equity stock mispricing.The predominance of confirmation bias among investors results in their overreaction, which negatively affects the stock prices listed on the stock market. Some ways to counter the confirmation bias while investors make investments in the equities listed on the stock market will be discussed, as well as the trading strategy which can be exploited amid the Corona Virus outbreak to create a better opportunity of investment and maximize the returns of investors.

Confirmation Bias and FearAffecting Public Equity Prices

First, a brief description of Confirmation bias will be demonstrated.Confirmation Bias is defined as the interpretation of thecontent in a way to support the investor’s own beliefs or arguments(Nickerson, 1998). Confirmation bias is perhaps the most well-known behavioral finance bias, which “acts like a compulsive yes-man who echoes whatever he wants to believe”(Zweig, 2009). The significant existence of the confirmation bias is recently proved quantitatively by Hart in the meta-analysis(William Hart, 2009). It is based on the assumption that agents will tend to accept the information that will be in line with their arguments, ignoring othercontradicting signals and, hence, validatingpredictions already drawn.The existence of investorswho are prone to confirmation bias causes significant price anomaliesfor holdings in financial markets(Pouget, 2011).

When uncertainty hits the market, the previously held complacencyamong investors is shattered and market individuals start thinking that the worst is yet to come. This is amplified by rumors and “scary” news, causing multiple waves of fear in the market.In the fear of the unknown,market participants start paying more attention to the negative signs,henceshiftingtheir moods into panic mode. According to confirmation bias, when new information arrives non-Bayesian agents will update their economic expectations in a manner to support their initial negative or positiveimpressions(Charness G., 2015). In the case of coronavirus, investorsoverweight the prospect of future negative shocks, as it is an event with huge emotional impact, fueled by a plethora of dramatic news about its consequences. Overreaction of investors due to their confirmed fear is supported also by Jeremy Warner in the Telegraph, who states that “Globalization in combination with social media amplifies wider economic consequences. There is nothing more contagious than fear”(Ameinfo, 2020).

In the past two months, the threat of coronavirus spreading across the globe reverberates across the market, amplified by the media hysteria, leading to fear-based overreactions among investors.The recent closure of the car plant manufacturer and quarantine of 10 towns in Italy in the middle of the Corona Virus outbreak have further increased the concerns of the investors. These events have made many traders around the globe believe that the massive selling of stocks is knocking at the door. Most investors are overreacting to the news and selling stocks at a rapid pace due to widespread uncertainty which is fueled by the news.On the 28th of February 2020, the US stock market drop to its worst record since the 2008 recession(Amber, 2020). S&P 500 declined around 13% on and  FTSE 100 slumped by 3.5%and VIX index reacheda one-year pick at 25, making the last week of February the worst record of wealth shrinkage in the stock market(Wigglesworth R., 2020).This sentiment of investors will further decrease the value of stocks due to their confirmation bias as they extrapolate the consequences of Coronavirus more unfavorably than they are.However, the value of stocks is forward-looking, meaning that their value is determined by the value of economic activity in the long run and such a decline in major stock indexes should be verified by huge persistent losses in the long-term stream of corporate earnings.

The following chart reflects the equities slump on major worldwide indices.

Figure 1: S&P500 and MSCI Asia pacific presented in US dollars; Stoxx 600 in euros (Financial Times, 2020)

 

The recent outbreak of the Corona Virus has stumbled the worldwide stock markets amid its growing phase mainly driven by the rise in the tech stocks. Some of the investors have created a mindset that the outbreak will leave a long-lasting effect on the stock prices listed on the stock market. Investors lookout for the information that confirms their bias that the stock prices will decrease as the result of the worldwide outbreak of the Corona Virus.Furthermore, the regular media coverage of the disease and various reports add to the already created misconception of panic of the investors said, President Donald J. Trump.All this fear increases the panic of the general public and investors, who look out for further information that solidifies their already created belief of drowning global equity markets due to the impact of the newest type of Coronavirus. The constant increase in the panic and the easily available information through the media creates confirmation bias, which leads to an overreaction by investors in the markets, which have observed a massive dip in the recent two weeks. This will further decrease the prices of stocks due to the investor’s belief in the Corona Virus and its worldwide impact(NY Times, 2020).

On the other hand, several factors prove that the investor’s overblow corona Virus impacts. Historically, recent similar epidemics like SARS (813 deaths), MERS (36 deaths), Ebola(11.3K deaths), Swine flu (293K deaths) and Spanish Flu (50.0M deaths) had a temporary effect on markets, which were recovered soon after the breakout(Ameinfo, 2020).SARS outbreak in 2003 had a short term impact and markets had a 20.76% gain at the year-end, but still, many investors try to prove their point that Corona Virus will impact markets in more important terms which lead to thefrantic selling of stocks at lower prices(MarketWatch, 2020).Investors tend to overreact to the health threats due to which many of the investors leave the market, and the massive number of sellers decreases the share price of stocks. The experts believe that the impact of the Corona Virus will primarily affect worldwide traveling and spending patterns in Asia. Still, overall, the economic model will be short-lived, and markets will bounce back(Brush, 2020).

Massive Dip in Equity Stock Prices
Coronavirus Spread

Figure 2…………………….

Meanwhile, constraints to arbitrage prevent rational traders and arbitrageurs to exploit the current market anomaly. Although there are behavioral traders, who trade on investor sentiment, it is controversial if they can force equity prices to their correct value(Dimitri Vayanos, 2010). Also, even if rational traders are aware of the undervalued stocks, they stay on the sidelines to “time the market” rather than correct them to their fundamentals, as a poor short-term performance leads to an outflow of funds(Schleifer Andrei, 1997). Mispricing in assets may persist for many months as arbitrageurs incur holding costs, “fundamental risk” and “synchronization risk” (Abreu Dilip, 2002). All the above factors cause rational traders to delay acting on the current information.

 

Trading Strategy

Investors need to look for all the favorable and unfavorable information for the particularclass of assets to make an impartial decision. Investors should double-check the data supporting their arguments to nullify the effect of confirmation bias. Detailed investment research helps investors make their position regarding the particular class of assets clear, and this process reduces the risk of confirmation bias to a significant level.The third-party suggestion could help investors to get confidence regarding their statements on their investments in equities(Mind Tools, 2018). Furthermore, investors can use the six thinking hats strategy while investing in the equities to minimize the risk of losing the money in investments due to the confirmation bias. Six thinking strategy involves analyzing and interpreting the situation from multiple perspectives to deal with the information regarding the equities in which the client has invested the money(Bono, 1985).

While majority of the investors are overreacting to the Corona Virus outbreak, leaving the stock markets by selling the stocks at significantly low prices, on the other hand, some investors can seize the opportunity available to them by purchasing the shares at the stock market at low prices and earn huge capital appreciations and dividends on the shares once the Corona Virus’s treatment is discovered and the disease is contained(Yahoo Finance, 2020). In a time of panic, a rational investor can devise an excellent trading strategy to earn huge profits by “buying the dip”. Investors need to think carefully regarding portfolio construction, which should be diversified rather than focusing on a single sector or single economy. A well-diversified, well researched and off course well-constructed portfolio by screening every stock carefully and then buying amid of Corona Virus outbreak when investors are leaving the markets by selling the shares at the rapid pace, can provide an enormous profit-making opportunity for any rationale investor to enter the market and earn huge returns in the long-term.

Conclusion

Incrux, it is generally believed that confirmation bias is very common among the investors which results in overreaction by the investors causing the major dip in the markets worldwide. As explained above, Corona Virus just like the previous diseases for example SARS has caused panic among investors. Media Hysteria has also contributed to the massive surge in the investor’s panic. Investors need to impartially confirm the news before taking investment decision and this uncertainty can act as the right time for new buyers to buy at a low price as the majority of the investors are selling stocks at below intrinsic prices.

References

Abreu Dilip, B. M. K., 2002. Synchronization Risk and delayed arbitrage. Journal of Financial Economics, pp. 341-360.

Amber, J., 2020. Buzzfeed.News. [Online]
Available at: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/amberjamieson/coronavirus-stock-market
[Accessed 3 March 2020].

Ameinfo, 2020. Ameinfo. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ameinfo.com/industry/healthcare/has-the-world-blown-this-coronavirus-outbreak-out-of-proportion
[Accessed 29 February 2020].

Badshah, W., 2016. Effect of Representativeness Bias on Investment Decision Making, Istanbul: Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University.

Brush, M., 2020. 5 reasons coronavirus fears are overblown — and 14 stocks to buy now. [Online]
Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-reasons-coronavirus-fears-are-overblown-and-14-stocks-to-buy-now-2020-01-28
[Accessed 02 March 2020].

Charness G., C. D., 2015. Confirmation bias with motivated beliefs. Games and Economic Behaviour, pp. 1-23.

FT Times, 2020. How the coronavirus shattered market complacency. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/a8fc2e2c-5a46-11ea-a528-dd0f971febbc
[Accessed 03 March 2020].

MarketWatch, 2020. How the stock market has performed during past viral outbreaks, as coronavirus spreads to Italy and Iran. [Online]
Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/heres-how-the-stock-market-has-performed-during-past-viral-outbreaks-as-chinas-coronavirus-spreads-2020-01-22
[Accessed 01 March 2020].

Mind Tools, 2018. Avoiding Psychological Bias In Decision Making. [Online]
Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/avoiding-psychological-bias.htm
[Accessed 03 March 2020].

Nickerson, R. S., 1998. Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Educational Publishing Foundation, Volume 2, pp. 175-220.

NY Times, 2020. The Coronavirus Is More Than a Disease. It’s a Test.. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/25/opinion/coronavirus-cases-spread.html
[Accessed 03 March 2020].

Pouget, S., 2011. A Mind is a Terrible Thing to Change: s.l.: European Institute of Finance.

Reporters, F. T., 2020. Financial Times. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/5ec9aeae-56a1-11ea-a528-dd0f971febbc
[Accessed 28 February 2020].

Ritter, J. R., 2003. Behavioral Finance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Volume 11, pp. 429-437.

Schleifer A., V. R., 1997. The limits of Arbitrage. The journal of finance, 52(1).

Wigglesworth R., M. K. S. T., 2020. Financial Times. [Online]
Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/a8fc2e2c-5a46-11ea-a528-dd0f971febbc
[Accessed 1 March 2020].

William Hart, D. A. A. H. E. I. B. M. J. L. L. M., 2009. Feeling Validated Versus Being Correct: A Meta-Analysis of Selective Exposure to Information. Psychol Bull, pp. 555-588.

Yahoo Finance, 2020. Is the Market overreacting to Corona Virus Outbreak? [Online]
Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/is-the-stock-market-overreacting-to-coronavirus-172222574.html
[Accessed 03 March 2020].

Zweig, J., 2009. How to Ignore the Yes-Man in your head. The Wall Street Journal.

 

 

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