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Introduction

Racism and the racialization of gender are prevalent today. The long-standing history of different countries has highlighted the systematic racism and racialization of workers. The concept of transforming Trauma regarding racialize construction of gender is better understandable by analyzing immigrants’ viewpoints. The scholars of gender have been recognized as under extensive social arrangements that vary by ethnicity, race, and class in America(Aretoulis). The interconnection between racial inequality and class inequality is viewed under gender roles. The variation in ethnicity forms is specific to gender-related attitudes. A broad array of gender inequality and beliefs show social actions(Kane). The purpose of this critical analysis is to discuss transforming Trauma under the racialization of nature. The paper will explore the racial and ethnic variations in gender-based behavior. 

Thesis statement

Gender attitudes in the literature describe gender inequality, and the most prevalent attitudes take the form of rape, abortion, and pornography.

Construction of Gender Roles

To acquire legal and social status, the societal expectations regarding characteristics and behavior describe culture. People behave according to gender attitude, and the concept of gender identity explains the roles assumed by genders. Internal perception regarding gender labels it as per the peculiar options assigned by gender(Kane). The word gender comes out of the common thought of sociology, where social constructionism is used to explain gender-based attitudes. Social constructionism proposes the reality of gender identity, and it prefers specifying the social situation. The socially constructed role is related to the concept of power. For instance, in many societies, money is considered power and worth for individuals. A money unit is only valuable to people as long as they are willing to ascribe it.

The scope of social constructionism is wide and can be easily applied to the gender roles when viewed in terms of social construct theory. The social construct functions on the basis of broader categories that determine gender identities(Cho). This works with the male and female types, where it is considered essential to presume feminism. Gender performativity is first explained by Judith Butler. He was a social theorist and presented the work of feminism under queer theory(Davis). The scope of gender trouble under his work argues for the performativity of gender. Due to gender-specific roles in society, the workplace structure and societal values are modified. The gender performativity highlights that if there is a presence of social functions, the performance of males and females can be witnessed through the social norms.

Gender is not considered as the socially accepted performance under societal aspects when gender stereotypes are prevalent(Clare). The gender is not about attracting something believing through the common norms and conduct practices related to it, but it is broader than the common understanding associated with it. Under this explanation, broader categories are linked to gender that provides the internalize belief about women that make them different from men for this perspective. Gender is considered a category that is socially constructed, yet there are many flaws related to societal behavior.

Understanding gender roles is easy by viewing the social relationship. The internalized aspects of gendered roles discuss the significance of individuals(Cho). Social constructionists propose that these categories are developed under social context, yet a social relation can explain the gender effect. The gender roles are specific yet elated to different types because the understanding of gender can be taken as feminine and masculine. Social constructionism defines gender roles as a sense of measuring and evaluating behavior. The social construction theories consider gender is an interactional element rather individual because it has developed through social instructions. The gender-related concept is Omni relevant that explains the judgment attitude as to how people behave towards males or females.  Women and men are the common aspects of a society that play significant roles. These roles are constructed under daily matters. The past literary findings suggest that cultural settings play a significant role in understanding constructionism. 

Situational construction in gender roles or identities is crucial to highlight when analyzing immigrants’ challenges and gendered behaviors(Aretoulis). Traditional masculine identity explains the consistency of gender roles in society. The socioeconomic status related to gender is differently viewed in one or two societies. The character of gender is mainly influenced by group ethnicities, cultural, and historical backgrounds. The sex and term gender is often confused when elaborating about the distinction between female and male. Gender is a structural role and societal feature that is significant in relation to control society. Social class and race in gender terms categorize people that can lead to discrimination and prejudice. An overly negative behavior towards gender is discrimination that is generally based on sex, so sexism highlights bias against groups or individuals(Clare). Stereotype beliefs against women are categorized under discrimination.

Some sociocultural beliefs against women highlight the role of attributes that can be improved. These ideas are evident in every country, even in modern economies. The social construction of gender identity is not based on biological sex differences, but gender identity is real. These processes are linked to expectations; for instance, the birth of boy and girl receive different responses. The social construction of gender is initiated by parental behavior, for example, giving pink color presents at the baby shower when considering it will be a girl and vice versa(Kane). The gender roles are defined earlier, such as girls play with dolls and boys play with cars, etc.

The agent of socialization is family, so children learn from it. Gender tells about the behavior of people and identifies the expectations that people have with it. For example, in American society, the male gender is expected to be aggressive, confident, and hardworking, but the female is considered docile, caregiver, and empathetic(Davis). Racialized sex identifies with the examination of the impact of socialization execution on the person. Social relations, for instance, networks, associations, and family, give the diagram with that experience is imparted and deciphered, and the character of an individual can be characterized. This scope of understanding is determining societal structure since it is basic and all about the primary form of people’s attitude. The gender desires and motives are not defined under this role, but socio-political systems describe the division of people under a society. Gender is not about the desires of individual people, but it imagines different sense of possibilities for people.

Social relations restrict or force racially appropriate contents, practices, signals, and results for people through sexual orientation, classes, and hierarchic dashed frameworks of control and benefit. Asian and Latina ladies’ contempt has been associated more with preference turning out from worldwide and migration encounters. The social, geographic, and chronicled setting controls the understanding, execution, and articulation of sexual orientation associations of an individual over the lifetime time frame.

Impact of Trauma

            Trauma theory had a history worth from the 19th century when the psychoanalytic theory was presented. Trauma theory examine mental health disorder in the female. According to this theory, hysterical symptoms are critically analyzed in women who are received in the result of psychic Trauma; after that hypnosis is used to access the traumatic memories. Sigmund Freud makes several investigations on Trauma’s theory. After the 2nd world war, the trauma theory resurgence of interest to describe the distress experience of returning soldiers. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was included in the 3rd edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorder, which was published in 1980 first time. The aim of this theory is to disclose the effect of war by including nightmares and flashbacks, which were not named properly(Klonaris, and Rabiyah). A PTSD diagnostic method was available; it allows feminine therapists to examine the issues which were related to women’s mental health. It also examines such children who were conducted sexual abuse. Trauma theory can identify such problems that were not properly named and not recognized before. It also discovers the individual problems, through its vast sociopolitical context.

Trauma theory constructs critical psychiatry on a feminine body and advocates social context and inequality on the difference of genders, and also creates an understanding of women’s distress. Countless publicans believe about anxiety and depression more than twice as often from men because most women are vulnerable to mental health from a biological point of view.

According to Trauma and Recovery, Herman (1992) proves when Trauma’s event has to be seen in a female gives the result of significant psychological harm that may cause mental health illness, like difficulties in regulating effect, making problems in dealing with relations to others. When problems arise in psychosocial when traumatic events occur and are known as Trauma’s symptoms. Herman shapes up all symptoms that often suffer an individual in the form of Trauma. Trauma therapy occurs when social movements happen and focus on specific assumptions like when a female exposes herself according to trauma therapy. It also explores all features of a female how she survives in society by challenging all inequality pieces of equipment(McDonald, and Day).

Trauma theory, movements in psychiatry viewed the social context of a woman that was increasing. Mental disorder due to borderline personalities or a gender difference most occurs in males instead of females. Borderline personality disorder reflects a stereotypical woman’s extreme emotions, rationally dependent, and self-destructive. No significant steps are available regarding the psychoactive drug to make effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. When this therapy does not respond, the medication process starts to recover disorders by professionals to oppose genuine psychiatric illness. When a woman diagnoses some mental illness and pushes some undeserving mental health professionals who want to treat it as biological problems, thus such professionals waste the time of their clients. If a woman is suffering from a borderline personality disorder usually fails to get effective help from psychiatric therapy and has to face a complicated mental health system(Roberts).

Racialization among Gender Attitude

The racial variations are linked in family patterns, where traditional attitudes of genders prevail. In American societies, the factors related to this expectation are male dominance, the similarity of perception is seen in Mexican people’s attitude. African American men and women have different orientations in society. There is greater salience of inequality related to race, and it is the main cause for African Americans to show less concern about gender inequality. Literature about ethnic and racial variation describes gender-related attitude and it highlights the expectations society builds up. Gender roles and attitudes are also some specific measures that play significant role in assessing beliefs of inequality. Authors in different studies present that gender strips experience from the socio-political context and neglects the role of power conflict. The gender-related attitudes also explain the measures that persist under three main categories. These are attitudes towards roles of gender in family, social action towards gender inequality and origins of gender inequality. The racial variation is important to discuss in transforming Trauma. The role-related attitudes towards feminism have captured much attention to social theorists. Societal construct about gender role is categorized on the basis of age, societal status, ethnicity, and race.

The anthropological and biological differences in two sexes present the significance of stereotyped models. Sexism is used for gender discrimination. In different forms, there are stereotyped views of women. The hostile sexism is related to negative views in stereotype conditions for women. The hostile sexist views are aligned on the belief that there are some superficial views against women that can be aggressive. For the benevolent sexist attitude, these behavior exist in society. Sexism also has negative consequences, so prejudice and discrimination are commonly linked with it.

Feminism and Gender Equality

The liberal feminist believe that opportunity should be equally distributed between genders. The concept of inequality for gender can be seen from rape, pornography, and stereotype behavior, in such attitudes, harshness and hatred for women is commonly seen. This kind of behavior is common in a dominant male society where women are considered property. This behavior gives rise to discrimination, the bias of gender attitude, and discrimination(Roberts). The main causes of women inequality in the society also determine gender role, so lead to the racialization of gender. The liberal perspective of feminists is to offer equal opportunities to females to lead a liberty filled life.

The freedom of gender discrimination is liberty in the society that discusses the scope of understanding to help masses. In a liberal society, men and women can easily experience their personal choices, so they view the prism of liberal feminism(Rose). Socialist feminism adopt a different approach regarding the ideology of the political spectrum. This has a special emphasis on the outcomes, gender equality and similarity of politics. Under the socialist feminist perspective, societal perception is oriented towards genderless notion of personhood.

Feminism is not separated from gender equality because feminism is equal and seeks to dismantle the power-based system. These kind of systems are developed on patriarchal ideas, so describe the role of women and men. This philosophical ideology is generally adopted by a developmental term that means more acceptable and used in the development field. The term gender equality is commonly linked to women’s rights’ movements. As mentioned in the thesis statement, gender equality can lead to get the right of abortion and stand against rape(Wilson).  However, in some feminism theories, it is not accepted that what is morally right or wrong. The development of racial and gender identities is and significant landmark as a person’s self-identity recognition is being explained to be involved in avoiding the effects of external, stereotyped, and harmful messages. The family is the basic place for the children to be racially socialized. Because of this, researchers have taken a keen interest in the ethnic families who have conventional gender customs and used those customs to socialize their children and manage family responsibilities.

Feminism issues are related to equality and justice, so there is no room for ‘buts’ and ‘ifs.’ Gender justice and equality has much to do with feminism. Aiyyana Maracle, in its writing about femininity, describes the western society’s establishments about gender realities that persisted in male-female dichotomy. She discussed the femininity as the expression of fashion, love, and empathy that is a thoughtful process. In the early 1990s, the lesbian lipstick concept was not cool but got a uniform shape when the feminine concept was only delicate and associated with lipsticks, fine psyche, and wearing jeans.

Racialized gender is a sociological theory which deals with the critical study of concurrent outcomes of gender and race processes on communities, families, and individuals. This theory explains that most of the women do not talk about the similarity between gender and race. For example, white women’s hatred has been related to the benefits they receive as white women, but they cannot run away the bond of prejudice. On the other hand, First Nation women’s or black women’s hatred is directly related to collective empowerment, agency, or self-definition. Asian and Latina women’s hatred has been connected more with prejudice coming out from multinational and immigration experiences. The social, geographic, and historical context controls the interpretation, performance, and expression of gender connections of a person over the lifetime period. Ethnic scholars and racially mixed feminists have generally talked about racialized gender, especially as it concerns the social development of sexuality and family(Wilson).

Trauma concept builds basic psychiatry on a female body and supporter’s social setting and imbalance on the distinction of sexual orientations, and furthermore makes a comprehension of women’s misery. Innumerable publicans accept about nervousness and sadness more than twice as frequently from men in light of the fact that most ladies are defenseless against psychological wellness from an organic perspective. At the point when this treatment doesn’t react, the drug procedure begins to recoup clutters by experts to restrict certified mental ailment. At the point when a woman analyze some psychological sickness and pushes some undeserving emotional well-being experts who need to regard it as organic issues, along these lines such experts burn through the hour of their customers.

Racialized gender relates to the analysis of the effect of socialization performance on the individual. Social relations, for example, communities, organizations, and family, give the outline with that experience is communicated and interpreted, and the identity of an individual can be defined. Social relations limit or impose racially suitable scripts, behaviors, cues, and results for persons through gender, classes, and hierarchic raced systems of domination and privilege(Rose). The socio-historical structures of ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation, and race are nested in how the sexuality of racial women has been developed, disseminated, and reproduced for the public use.

References

Aretoulis, Georgios. “Gender Based Perception Of Successful Construction Of Project Managers’ Attributes”. Social Sciences, vol 7, no. 7, 2018, p. 112. MDPI AG, doi:10.3390/socsci7070112.

Cho, Heewon. “Globalization And Gender Inequality Inlight Of Feminism”. Journal Of Asia-Pacific Studies, vol 14, no. 2, 2007, pp. 1-20. Institute Of Global Affairs, doi:10.18107/japs.2007.14.2.001.

Clare, E. “GAWKING, GAPING, STARING”. GLQ: A Journal Of Lesbian And Gay Studies, vol 9, no. 1-2, 2003, pp. 257-261. Duke University Press, doi:10.1215/10642684-9-1-2-257.

Davis, Shannon N. “Gender Ideology Construction From Adolescence To Young Adulthood”. Social Science Research, vol 36, no. 3, 2007, pp. 1021-1041. Elsevier BV, doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.08.001.

Kane, Emily W. “Racial And Ethnic Variations In Gender-Related Attitudes”. Annual Review Of Sociology, vol 26, no. 1, 2000, pp. 419-439. Annual Reviews, doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.419.

Klonaris, Helen, and Amir Rabiyah. Writing The Walls Down. 3rd ed., Ereserves, 2012, pp. 160-170.

McDonald, Steve, and Jacob C. Day. “Race, Gender, And The Invisible Hand Of Social Capital”. Sociology Compass, vol 4, no. 7, 2010, pp. 532-543. Wiley, doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00298.x.

Roberts, Anca. “Confronting Equality: Gender, Knowledge And Global Change Raewyn Connell”. Feminism & Psychology, vol 23, no. 4, 2013, pp. 561-564. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/0959353513503980.

Rose, Chloë Brushwood. Brazen Femme. Arsenal Pulp Press, 2002, pp. 35-40.

Wilson, Kalpana. “Towards A Radical Re-Appropriation: Gender, Development And Neoliberal Feminism”. Development And Change, vol 46, no. 4, 2015, pp. 803-832. Wiley, doi:10.1111/dech.12176.

 

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Feminism in gender studies
feminism in gender studies

Significant changes had come and are still coming in the role and image of women in the 20th and 21st century United States of America. The feminist movement is on the rise and getting prominent in politics. The purpose of this analytical piece is to look at the condition of women’s rights during the 20th and 21stera through the arguments presented by Alice Stone Blackwell. Blackwell was a feminist activist and a writer who addressed anti-women’s-suffrage arguments in a volume published in 1917. 

The fundamental question that Blackwell answered was why women should vote. The concept was newly emerging at the time, with many still opposed to it. Alice argued that under the law women were the same as men. And since the society claimed to be diplomatic and a republic rather than a monarchy then they should allow women to vote too. She insisted those women should have a voice in deciding who makes the laws for them as they were expected to obey those laws alongside men. A vote is “an expression of an opinion,” and everyone should have the right to voice their opinion.

One argument posed at the time was that if women voted then chivalry would end. The next one was that females are too emotional and cannot be trusted with matters of politics. The response to this was that sentiment is important in a political context. Men who do not feel tend to be heartless and inconsiderate of others. Such men are more often than not lacking in their ethical and moral standards.

It was also believed during that time that men and women are entirely different. Their characters and role in society are starkly apart. So if women voted, they would turn like men and lose their sex, their identity. Alexis argued that a country such as America, which was one of the founding nations of Democracy, should give suffrage to women. And acknowledge them as equal to men.

However, people also argued that suffrage rights meant that women would start looking for ways of increasing their influence further in the matters of the state. They would neglect their domestic duties and responsibility. Ultimately, they wouldn’t want to become homebound and domestic. This destroys the family system in America that was getting followed until then.

American politics in the 20th century was becoming milder than in the preceding years when the politicians were more rigid on their conservative mindsets. Some setbacks had also taken place internationally, and the economy of the country was going down. During this, the liberal mindset started to really foster and grow in the minds of others too.

Another reason for this social progression towards liberalism was the industrialization and capitalism wave in America. With technological innovation, standards of living increased, women had more time on their hands and wanted to work professionally.

References:

Secondary sources:

The Unravelling. 2017. The American Yawp. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/28-the-unraveling/

The triumph of the right. 2017. The American Yawp. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/29-the-triumph-of-the-right/

World War 11. 2017. The American Yawp. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/24-world-war-ii/

The Progressive Era. 2017. The American Yawp. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/28-the-unraveling/

Morris, Bonnie. History of Lesbian. Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Social Movements. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history

The Progressive era. 2017. The American Yawp. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/20-the-progressive-era/

World War 11. 2017. The American YawpRetrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/text/24-world-war-ii/

Primary sources:

Alice Stone, Blackwell.  Answering Objections to Women’s Suffrage (1917). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/20-the-progressive-era/alice-stone-blackwell-answering-objections-to-womens-suffrage-1917/

 

 

 

 

 

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