Essays Archive

Two Grand Mosques of Turkey

Mosques, Turkey

Requirements

ARTH 1130 Research Essay Outline (one page, double-spaced, 12 pt. font), due February 3, 2020 (10%)

The purpose of this exercise is to give you a chance to plan a coherent research project. The project is to be comparative (involving two works of art/artifacts/monuments from the same period). We want to see that you’ve chosen material to work with in your research essay that is both interesting to you and relevant to the class. In this proposal you will show that you have carefully selected artworks and texts to begin to answer a guiding research question. While your answer to this research question will come together in the course of reading, thinking and writing, for the proposal we would like to see you attempt an answer or a thesis statement.

Write in paragraphs where applicable and label the sections of the proposal following this breakdown:

Name two objectsfrom one period(artworks/artifacts/monuments) that you will compare/contrast in your essay. Use the periods in the Kleiner texts as a guide or, if you are choosing objects from a non-Euro-American tradition make sure your two objects were produced within 100 years of one another. You are free to choose something not included in the textbook, but make sure you have access to information about the objects you choose. You should include images of your objects and their titles where applicable, the names of their makers if they are known, the date of their production, and their current place of display. (2%)
A research questionand thesis statement (or answer to your question)that is aimed at clarifying a relationship of some kind between the objects. Here are the broad outlines of some possible research questions: On what grounds can we compare/contrast the quality of the objects (why is one better or worse than the other, and by what standard)? How do the materials used in these objects, or the technologies involved in their making determine their form? How have the makers of these objects been steered in their creative process by the (social, political, economic) forces of history? How did these objects steer the course of the histories of which they are a part? On what grounds are these objects included by art historians in particular national traditions or cultures? How do the objects contribute to a group or personal identity? How do the objects deliver a social or political commentary? To what end do the objects enlist techniques of representation and/or abstraction? How do the objects interact with or function in their sites of display? After posing your question, venture an answer to it in the form of a thesis statement.This should be a paragraph long in total. State your question and tell us how you arrived at it. (3%)
A brief description of intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the objects and their histories that you will explore in your essay. Intrinsic factors are material or formal features of the objects. Extrinsic factors are aspects of the social, political, historical, technological context surrounding the objects. This should be one paragraph long. (3%)
A bibliography of at least 5 sources (not including Kleiner) you will consult in your research. Include all the information you can find on your sources: author, title, date and place of publication, etc. Consult a style guide for this bibliography (MLA or Chicago are preferred). A maximum of 2 of your sources may be non-academic (i.e. magazine articles or reviews; exhibition or curatorial statements; statements from artists or curators in recorded interviews or presentations). The remaining 3 sources should be academic (i.e. articles from peer-reviewed journals; books; conference proceedings or recorded academic lectures). (2%)

Answer:

Built between the 14^th and 15^th Century, the two grand mosques of Turkey, stand as monuments representing architectural excellence across the globe. Sultan Bayezid II Kulliyesi developed in 1488 by the Ottoman Empire was built as a medical center. It stands as one of the most one of the initial medical schools of all time(Heybeli). In this essay it will be compared with the grand mosque, Mimar Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne Turkey made later in the 1560s. (Yalav-Heckeroth)Their individual historical, political and architectural significance will be discussed in this essay.

(Heybeli)

The primary aim of building Sultan Bayezid was to meet the psychiatric and socio-cultural needs of the patients. The complex by the name Kulliye comprising of facilities such as kitchen, Hamam, and a guesthouse were added to the mosque and the college was built. (britannica)

(britannica)

Located in the Balkans, within the Ottoman Empire ‘s European lands, the Mosque of Selim II is an example of architectural excellence andsignificance. It consists of a mosque, two square madrasas and a school for students to recite the Quran(Ferren). Bayezid II mosque stands out because of Dar-al Shifa or hospital, whereas, Sultan Selim II commissioned the Selimiye Mosque was the famous architect of that time. Sultan Ahmed ‘s architecture is the result of two centuries of changes in both the mosque and the Byzantine church and is neighborsto Hagia Sophia. It is Ottoman Empire’s last grand mosque of the classical era.This mosque’s stands out with its design that allows visitors to see the Mihrab from all sector of mosques.Hence, both buildings have their own unique Architectural value.

Works Cited

britannica. Mosque of Selim. 2020. <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mosque-of-Selim>.

Ferren, Andrew. Tracking Turkey’s First Starchitect. 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/travel/tracking-turkeys-first-starchitect.html. 19 5 2020.

Heybeli, Nurettin. “Sultan Bayezid II Kulliyesi: One of the Earliest Medical Schools-Founded in 1488.” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (2009): 2457-2463.

unesco. Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment. 2020. <https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6117/>.

Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride. Why Edirne’s Grand Selimiye Mosque Is a Creative Masterpiece. 18 7 2017. <https://theculturetrip.com/europe/turkey/articles/why-edirnes-grand-selimiye-mosque-is-a-creative-masterpiece/>.

Role of Marketing Tools in Influencing Consumer Behavior

4P's, Consumer Behavior

Pages:23

Background

Humans are spending hectic and bustling lives, they have a short time to approach such commodities that accomplish their demands, and therefore marketing is the best source to get a desirable product. Marketing movement is a source to stay in touch with potential customers to satisfy their needs by providing those engaging commodities and products. Business flourished when promotional opportunities and different strategies are applied to meet the expectations of customers. These promotions are administered in different ways and advertisements also encouraged by marketers to capture the customer’s attention (Fraj-Andrés & Salinas, 2007).

Purchasing and selling movements is the origin of marketing that provides the means of conversation to customers and organizations. Different strategies can be adapted to develop a business-like including signboards, pennants, advertisement, public association; direct marketing, product installation, promotion on social media, and buy one get one free opportunity. These marketing strategies hit the consumer’s mind and emphasize them to use these products that are dealing with promotional activities. Gangai, & Agrawal, (2016) explained that if the organization establishes a vast network of advertisements, it will be essential to target the positioning of consumers.

When a company introduces its promotional strategies by using different ways, it directly affects consumer’s psychology because every customer has a different choice and demand. This psychology of consumers is helpful to meet the consumer expectations, to understand and by creating more innovative product to relax the consumers with the commodity, because consumers usually focus on such products that would not be time-consuming, readily available, fulfil their needs, and advertisement strategies also gain the attraction of users (Genchev& Todorova, 2017). Several companies follow various ways for promotional merchandise, which provide the substitution procedure to the buyer. Culture is also a well common factor that affects the marketing strategies and assists to promote any commodity because it examines the behaviour, features, and self-individualism of humans. Hulten, & Atwal, (2010) mentioned the cultural properties implement on individual demand and need. Organizations need to implant such promotional activities that would not hurt the other cultural values because every culture possesses its customs and traditions.

Every organization has to introduce its product by informing all features to captivate the possible buyers. The company can adopt various techniques to notify the essential elements of the product. Pamphlets, samples, internet websites, publications methods, electronic media also fascinate the users to consume the product. These are conventional methods but effective ways to promote the product (Jerman, &Završnik, 2013). These ways leave a long and lasting impression on the consumer’s mind and compel them to use. All advertisement techniques create a sense of purchasing into consumers. Besides this, the features, ingredients, quality, and price must be mentioned in the advertisement. When a company provides the necessary information of the product through publication, it assists in gaining the consumer’s demand and in reaching the company’s target level.

Celebrities play a criticalpart in the commercial purpose, and gain the trust and promotion of the product. Celebrity attachment has a motivational effect on consumers. Most people follow their ideal celebrity. The followers want to use the popular product of their personality (Griffith, 2017). The company needs to be aware of the needs of its buyers and bring changes to the product according to the user’s demand to compete with the business among the other rivals. A conversational method toward the buyers is also helpful to manufacture the desirable and profitable commodity to run the business efficiently.

Fraj-Andrés, & Salinas, (2007) discussed that market competition is becoming worse with time because the marketing strategies are improving to obtain the consumer’s attractions. The organization gives preference to the consumer’s psychology. The company should focus on consumers’ thoughts, emotions, ideas, expectations, ways to fulfil the need, and also give an alternative source in case of skipping the first one product by changing its ingredients, or manufacturing methods. The organization also keeps it in mind the environmental conditions because it directly interacts with the needs and demands of buyers. Promotions of different offers are also an effective way to get the target consumers and interact with the consumer’s psychology.

Psychology directly influences the marketing tools; it establishes a way that developed the business by understanding the consumer’s expectation. Consumer psychology is a helpful subject to be aware of the companies with the consumers need and critically analyze their expectations and prepare the source for development to the company. Psychology also encourages people to purchase the product. This study also analyses the habits, customs, and traditions, preferences of the followers, and craft research on people’s behaviour, which makes it helpful to formulate the alternative source for the buyers which meet their expectation level (Gangai& Agrawal, 2016).

An experienced and honest marketer uses psychology’s legal and ethical techniques to achieve the attraction of the buyers. Although marketing and psychology have an inverse relationship, when we examine the needs of people by using psychology, it creates a close relationship between them. Psychology is helpful to promote the marketing attempts that flourish the business.

With theincrease in internet adaptation, (E-Marketing) like online, web, and digital platforms have expanded the business. These are modern techniques to access the customer. Internet marketing can be conducted on wireless media or by email. There are four-dimensional strategies available in electronic marketing like electronic mail marketing, web marketing, mobile marketing, and online marketing provide a promotional tool to convert the perception of consumers toward the product. This type of marketing offers a variety of technology to engage consumers with commodities (Hulten& Atwal, 2010). This is the most advanced feature to introduce the product in front of customers that provide the online facility and save time.

In this type of marketing, bargaining cannot be done, so it is an easy and safer way to gain maximum profits. It provides a global approachability. It’s a comfortable way of marketing with respect to conventional marketing, and it facilitates the consumer and marketer equally (ChandraSekhar, 2012). E-marketing provides a list of relatively products with its price list but also presents the complete awareness to people to encourage the beneficial outcome. E-marketing just needs a limited but high-speed internet connection, and complex websites, to gain the consumer’s viewpoints.

Problem

The current study attempts to focus on marketing tools that influence consumer behaviour. Marketing techniques can change the behaviour of consumer due to their outreach, and they spread the message to a targeted audience.

Purpose

The specific purpose is to identify the role of marketing tools in influencing consumer behaviour.

The first chapter of the study is the introduction. It is about problem statement and objective of research. The second chapter is the theoretical framework. Multiple theoretical concepts and critical definition of marketing and consumer behaviour will be explained. The third chapter will describe the literature review. Extensive literature review of scholarly studies will be included to gather crucial evidence and facts about marketing tools and their influence. The last chapter will be about concluding remarks of study.

Definitions

Under multiple theoretical concepts, this paper will discuss key themes related to marketing.

The behaviour of consumer pertains to critical concepts related to consumer, buying motives, consumer involvement and the decision to change its preferences. Consumer behaviour is widely the study of persons, or companies and the processes customers used to search, choose, use and dispose of services, products, ideas, or experiences to satisfy desires and its effect on the customer and society.

Customer:

Apparently, the customer is easy, yet studies show it is complex to analyze, since irrational elements are significant to alter the wants, needs, and demand of consumers (Boulding, &Staelin, 1994). The term customer is strongly related to cultural, social and psychological factors that impact consumer behaviour.

Consumers versus Customers:

The term consumer is an individual who involves typically the activities of search, chooses, utilize and dispose of the services, products, ideas, or experiences. Whereas, the customer is particular in terms of company, brand, or shop. It reflects individuals who regularly or customarily buy a specific brand, buy a specific company’s product, or buy from a particular shop. So, an individual who purchases Nike shoes or who uses Levis clothing is a customer of these companies (Jerman&Završnik, 2013).

Need – Want – Demand

Need is a necessary element for people to live and survive. A want is the desire of people that can be current or in future. Demand is also desired that relates to the consumer when they need a product. Wants and demand can be differentiated on the basis of desire. A desirable product can change wants and allow customers to change their preferences.

Consumer Motive:

Consumers have a motive for buying a specific product. The rationale is a powerful urge, feeling, desire, emotions and instinct that develops the purchaser to make a decision to purchase (Babu, 2016).

Buying Motive:

It is described as, those considerations or influences which give the urge to buy, provoke action or decide choice in the buying of products or services. This motive is generally controlled by social, psychological and economic influences etc. (Barutçu, 2007). The buying motives can be classified into two types, (i) patronage motive, and (ii) product motive.

(i) Patronage Motives:

These can be described as impulses or consideration, which influences the individual to particular patronage shops. These motives can also be categorized as rational and emotional as like product motives.

Rational motives are such motives that come up when deciding a place depending upon the satisfaction of buyer that it provides a wide selection, latest designs, offer better after-sale service etc. (Ashraf &Shahzadi, 2017).

Emotional motives that influence a consumer to purchase from particular shops, without any proper reason. For instance, the consumer may be just wanted to buy from his favourite market.

(ii) Product motives:

These can be described as those desires, impulses and considerations that provoke the customer to buy a product. These are further classified into two types on the basis of satisfaction nature.

Rational Product Motives are described as those urges which come upon the basis of proper evaluation and logical analysis. The buyers decide rationally after detailed valuation of the purpose, available alternatives, cost benefits and same valid reasons (Makkar, 2009).

Emotional product motives are those urges that influence the customer on the grounds of his emotions. The person doesn’t think about the reason or analyze logically the desire of the purchase. He buys any product to satisfy his pride, urge to instigate others, ego-sense, and his wish to be unique.

Why Study Consumer Behavior:

This study supports every person in the world, as all our customers. It is essential for merchandisers to understand customers to succeed and survive in this competitive environment of the market (Chen&Zhou, 2017). Following are the reasons which highlight the significance of this study as a discipline;

Importance in Daily Life:

The reason for analyzing a study is to support someone to understand its contribution better. The idea behind consumer behaviour study is the cause of the part it plays in human lives. People spent most of their free time in the markets, shopping or involving in other leisure activities (Su & Tong, 2015). People usually pass their extra time in thinking and knowing about services and products, talking about them with their friends, and following commercials related to such products and services through different media channels. The utilization of them considerably shows the lifestyle of people. All such reasons develop the study needs.

Relevance to Decision Making:

Consumer behaviour is taken as the functional discipline, as many decisions are importantly influenced by their behaviour and possible actions. There are two perspectives which seek function of its information are societal and micro views.

The macro or societal perspectives use the information of consumers to collective-level confronted by society or mass as a whole. Consumer behaviour has a considerable effect on the level and quality of the living standards (Sarstedt& Lehmann, 2017). The micro perspectives engage consumer understanding to help an organization or firm to achieve its targets. The persons involved in this fieldwork to know consumers for the purpose to be more efficient at their duties.

Consumer Involvement:

Several consumers are identified to be more engaged in shopping and products than others. A consumer who is much engaged with a product would take an interest in getting a lot of information about it before buying. Thus he studies catalogues in detail, compares models and brands available at multiple stores, asks questions, and requests for recommendations (Qureshi et al. 2017). Hence, consumer involvement can be described as a resounding state of knowledge that inspires consumers to attend to, seek out, and learn about the information of the product before purchasing it.

Reasons for Consumer Involvement:

Following are the factors that affect consumer involvement in the markets;

Product Factor;

The consumer involvement increases as the level of observed risk in the buying of service of the product grow. It is expected that people will believe more engaged in the purchase of a house for them instead purchasing a shampoo, it can be a more risky purchase. Differentiation of product influences involvement (Loureiro, 2013). The relationship grows as the quantity of alternatives increases. The reason behind this is the reality which consumers think the variety that means more significant risk. The happiness a person finds by using a service or product can also affect involvement. Some products can be a more substantial source of joy for people than others. Coffee and tea have comparatively a high level of satisfaction value than let’s say hand wash soaps.

Personal Factors:

The three personal factors are needs, self-concept, and values that affect the amount of consumer involvement in a service or product. Celebrities, for instance, present specific values, self-image and needs. They use to utilize services and products that reveal their living style. The get much engaged in buying expensive products like imported cars, designer shoes and clothing etc.

Situational Factors;

The situation in which something is got or utilized can create emotional involvement. The purpose of buying or event of purchase influences involvement. For instance, purchasing a pair of shows for their own self is very less involved than getting a gift for someone very close.

Marketing

A process of communication that can implement, develop, and evaluate driver of persuasive communication in relation to a current and potential customer. It can be linked with customers, employees and stakeholders. The marketing process involves the exchange of offerings, so it brings value to customers and advocacy campaigns and business activities that can actively change consumer behaviour (Loureiro, 2013).

Marketing Tools

Marketing tools are inherent to contribute to the marketing mix, which is a set of tactical and controllable device for a company to target audience. The concept of the marketing mix relates to execution and planning steps that are employed by a company to influence the demand of its product (SAM, 2017). In 1953, Neil Borden introduced the concept of the marketing mix that generally takes the sense of different factors that can influence the decision of the consumer to buy a product. In an effective marketing strategy, the tools of marketing acquire central space under the marketing mix. These are designed to meet the objective of a company to market its products, thus gain value.

Frame of Reference

What is 4P’s

The four P’s are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The 4Ps’ of the marketing mix is common in marketing, and collectively they establish the customer value. They also position the target market of customers. The 4P model was first introduced by Jerome McCarthy in 1960 with a framework that is used for business to design campaigns and strategies that can promote goods (Labeaga et al. 2007). This framework is useful to increase the conversions and targeted audience because each P is valuable to influence the decision of the consumer.

PRODUCT

Product is goods and services that a company offers to its customers. The product can be quality, variety, brand name, features, design, services and packaging. A product is a physical good that provides a unique experience to the consumer. The users of this product can be attracted to the features, packaging, name, support, quality of ease of use. The transaction of this physical product influences the whole buying experience of the customer. Ideally, a product should be compelling for consumers. To that end, marketers tend to the understanding product life cycle and plan different methods to deal with these life cycles (Iglesias et al, 2011). The type of product determines what should be the price, and how should it be placed and promoted.

PRICE

A cost that consumer pays for the product to use it is its price. Marketers link the products’ original price and perceived value because they have to seasonal consumer discounts, supply costs and the price of competitors. If the product is intended to be more luxury, its price level is increased. The marketers also determine that whether discounting is valuable because it sometimes draws in more customers (Pulido Polo, 2018). Price is a critical element to consider because the often high priced product is viewed as unnecessary by the user unless it is a luxury brand. Key pricing strategies are used by businesses such as competitive, bundle, economy, subscription, psychological and discount.

PLACE

This decision allows the company to sell and deliver a product on the market. Business executives, in this regard, tend to get their products in front of most readily consumers. Placing a product in different stores is about to garner the attention of the user. This concept is related to the placement of a product on TV shows, web pages or in advertisements. The distribution of product is placing, and this concept is based on resellers, wholesalers and intermediary businesses. The decisions about placing allow the business to set up product stores for display. Placement helps to enhance reviews and attract customer. Some businesses set up catalogues to display product effectively. It is a useful activity to analyze competitor’s policies and get the idea to differentiate.

PROMOTION

Public relations, advertising and promotional strategy are some critical ways of promotion. These activities allow consumers to participate in buying actively. This P of the marketing mix set a value for the consumer and show them the need for the product. Marketers unite placement and promotion together to get the audience involved. In today’s’ digital age, development and place are acting elements of online and offline activities (Kumar &Rajan, 2011). It is a mere communication tool for people to choose a product, so it encompasses the entire marketing function. Promotion allows people to set target according to their needs. In this form, communication will enable people to know what they need and how will they benefit from it.

Method

Influence of Marketing Tools

Marketing tools have a significant influence on business. To establish a business, various techniques are applied in which some conventional methods are planned like signboards, pennants, pamphlets, newspaper, brochures, through a video station, and phonic directories are some strategies which are used by organizations to promote selling quantity and capture the target consumers. All methods are just adopted for a flourishing business (Goldsmith et al. 2010).

Electronic media has also impacted on marketing methods. Different software is used to attract consumers. Mobile marketing, email marketing, and online marketing technologies are established for these purposes. These are advanced and modern marketing tools. The online partnership is to run associate marketing and sponsorship as a marketing tool.

Web investigation is also a necessary element of digital marketing that produces pieces of information for internet users following online movements. Through this method, companies can possess the positioning of buyers (Iglesias et al. 2011).

Social media marketing is a subgroup of E-marketing. Social media also reacts to online marketing and has the similar ambition to meet the expectation level of consumers for business promotion. Social media facilitate the marketer by granting the equipment like online journals, twitting, posting, linking, liking, binding, bookmarking, sharing, networking, and commenting on various websites like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and different additional social media platforms provide the strategic resources to consumers and marketers (Išoraitė, 2015). Social media marketing offers a source to organizations and marketers by offering a low rate of advertisement with an attractive profit.

Marketers follow this kind of tool to keep in touch with users and to make a communicative relationship with them to be conscious about their needs and demands toward the product. People usually use social media to be in touch with relatives, comrades, and to be aware of new fashion and trends and also to discover the product reports. This platform informs the consumers about upcoming updates toward their beloved product (Schnerrer, 2014).

By using social media, platform organization wants to engage demographic consumers to deliver the marketing thought. Marketers should follow passionate, thrilled, delightful, engaging, true, and genuine marketing tools. Promotional drives also promote marketing affairs because these strategies help shift the buyer’s attraction to the product. All marketing tools are supporters and promoters of relevant brands or products and have an impact on online and offline marketing services.

Empirical Study

Organizations use leverage methods to capture users through online and offline facilities. Marketers should prepare such tools that affect emotional feeling. Psychological techniques are much helpful to stay connected with the emotional feeling of buyers. When any brand has an emotional attachment with its customers, it will never lose them all. Marketers should apply promotional tools for business growth; these tools are booklets, business cards, informative broadcasting, merchandising strategies, and use of websites (Goldsmith et al, 2010). Several elements provide the complete detail about the product, and which highly supports the characteristics and features of the commodity. Business cards show the trademark and stamp of the business and provide contact to the supporters and audience. All marketing strategies have a basic purpose of increasing the selling level and encouraging new customers. They also provide awareness to buyers, but the price also must be controlled under full attention for the growth of the business (Hulten& Atwal, 2010).

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

An internal communication tool is a persuasion that is a convincing argument backed up with valid reasons. John Cacioppo introduced the elaboration likelihood model that seeks to explain the process of humans’ stimuli and how it works to change the attitudes, so behaviour. ELM elaborates results when a certain amount of effort is used to communicate a message, so people react. A high elaborative model scrutinizes the content of a message because it is backed up with high motivation. Users invest time to know what is in the message, so they make a pronouncement. Marginal processing of routecontributes to elaboration of low level in case user is not scrutinizing a communication to gain efficiency (Griffith, 2017).

Some communication forms used in this model can be attractive for people; they give endorsement to people. For instance, enticing imagery appeal to people, imagery related to food, travel, or free products attract people and forms their attitude. High motivation makes their decisions, and they get high capacity (Francisco et al, 2014). Marketers incorporate ELM in their designs to increase access of the user. It is a form of communication that is not risk alienating, but it frames behaviour by persuading them.

Analysis of Empirical Data

Extensive literature has discussed the role of marketing tools to influence consumer behaviour. This section will discuss some key themes under marketing tools that change the behaviour of the consumer.

Sales promotion

A study accomplished by Genchev& Todorova (2017) discussed marketing tools, i.e. sales promotion as an effective strategy to win new clients, so increase profit margins. The sales promotion acts as a drive to attract new customers while retaining old; this marketing activity adds value to the products. Authors discussed that it stimulates the effectiveness of intermediaries and stimulate purchases of consumers. The study investigated 60 participants about sales promotion impact and found out that it is an effective instrument that directly impacts the behaviour of the consumer. It is also found out as the most suitable communication channel that gets information about the user’s perspective of marketing.

Marketing communication is an active activity to make the differentiation. They enhance firms’ capability to shield itself from price competition in future. Boulding, &Staelin (1994) discussed that advertising and sales force are key instrumental variables of marketing that represent differentiation measures. These variables represent their own price elasticity which is helpful to attract a large consumer base. Future differentiation is carried out with the basic premise of communication that provides positive messages. The study found out that unique messages and strong conversation allow the customer to believe over price and quality of the product. Sales promotion leads to more price elasticities and generates positive message about the product. A marketing plan that constitutes product offerings allows desirable attributes, so customer acquires desirable attributes.

Schnerrer (2014) elaborated about sales promotion in a book that it can work most importantly in marketing communications. The channel of marketing through sales promotion can attain specific objectives as compared to any other marketing communication tool. Sales promotion theory and practice has a central position at the global level because it is based on retail outlets and guarantee success in influential B2B businesses. The element is invaluable in advertising due to its capability to enhance consumers’ interest. Under sales promotion techniques, advertisement and communication acquire huge involvement and build customer base (Ercis&Yildiz, 2019). Advertising promotion is the main aspect of integrated marketing because it is linked to inherent communication.

3.2. Sampling

Sampling has been proved as an important part of marketing research. Sarstedt,& Lehmann, (2017) examined research about sampling techniques and how they work for advertising. Authors observed 1028 studies from 2008-16 from leading advertising journals. The sampling procedures have been proved beneficial for the estimation of customer involvement. Researchers focused on the sampling fluctuations that relate to fundamental aspects of sampling in the advertisement. Chen, & Zhou (2017) described the free sampling process as a digital format that is a common business practice.

The marketing framework undertakes sampling to offer the consumer a good experience with products. Word of mouth is an online marketing strategy that enhances product visibility. The research study explored other literature to know key dimensions of marketing and drawn that free sampling has amplified sales and has a strong role in marketing (Coelho et al, 2018). CNET under free sampling lead allows a large volume targeting for amazon in the online market. Free sampling has a positive impact on products sales, and its role in online word of mouth cannot be ignored. This study suggested free sampling strategy has an interplay with low-cost methods and word of mouth strategy in marketing.

Coupons

A fast way to promote products and employ effective communication tool is coupons under marketing. Coupons are a nice marketing tactic and marketing tool that develops brand image and enhances customer loyalty. It needs modern infrastructure, and coupon campaigns are the main source of data tracking to build a loyal audience. Kumar &Rajan (2011) highlighted the role of coupons in a study that they are an emerging trend in the marketing perspective that attract customers and provide a profitable business model to marketers. Social coupon service is a part of the analytical model that works for profitability and recover any shortfalls occurred in profit. Authors used data from three different business endeavours and worked on customer acquisition that can be a future orientation in marketing.

Išoraitė (2015) analyzed the framework of coupons under theoretical aspects and how they can be used as sale promotion tools. Coupons are readily available tools for shopping, provided by marketers or companies that give flexibility and discount to purchase customer’s favourite products. Coupons are an important source to follow the latest business trends, so they promote sales. Online shopping, advertisement and marketing strategies frequently use coupons as a part of a sales tool. Hulten& Atwal (2010) illustrated the concept of promotional tools for retail marketing that inspire consumers buying patterns. The report discussed the reputation of samples and coupons to change consumer behaviour and found out that two main behaviours are related to it. One is brand switching; second is customer loyalty. On the basis of multiple kinds of literature, marketing is found to be playing a special role to change consumer behaviour under these promotional tools (Esmaeilpour, 2015).

Buying Behaviour of Consumer and Brand Loyalty

Thebehavior of consumer is linked to the new-fangled concept of advanced marketing. ChandraSekhar (2012) explored the dimensions of consumer behaviour under the decisive aspect of advertising. The upshot of the consumer is brand loyalty. It asserts influence on consumer behaviour because the quality and pricing of a product help consumer decide about purchase decisions. Finding a product and sticking to the brand is a brand value that is determined by quality and price, so it changes consumer behaviour. The image of a brand is the main element that determines purchasing power and decisions related to it. Ashraf, &Shahzadi (2017) examined the relationship of marketing variables like brand image and consumer buying behaviour. The study undertook key dimensions that play a major role in determining consumer behaviour; for instance, marketing tools act as big communication methods with consumers that shape their decisions.

Branding is influential for consumers to take valid decisions. Brand knowledge allows consumers to choose healthy dimensions about the product by knowing its value (Qureshi & Malik, 2017). The loyalty of a brand increases as consumer ages, so family culture and social factors play a significant role in determining the consumer decision. Authors of this study analyzed the research by finding gender the main variable that can impact consumer buying behaviour. The consumers are status-conscious, so they carefully select products and use brands when it comes to their choice (Ercis, 2019).

CONCLUSION

The study has investigated the behaviour of consumer and change in decision making due to the influence of marketing tools. The promotional tools are significant to shape consumer behaviour that leads to brand loyalty. Influencing factors that can shape consumer attitude are linked to marketing, perceived quality perception values. The study analyzed consumer behaviour, needs, wants and desires. Different kinds of motives are worthy of explaining consumer attitude and preferences. Marketing is a consistent framework that allows various channels of advertising to work and shape consumer attitude. The study reviewed extensive literature to find out its objective, which is to analyze the marketing tools in influencing consumer behaviour.

This study found a strong relationship between marketing tools and consumer behaviour due to mediating variables such as promotional tools and techniques of marketing. Each association needs to present its item by illuminating all highlights to enthrall the potential purchasers. The organization can embrace different methods to advise the fundamental components of the item. Handouts, tests, web sites, distributions techniques, electronic media additionally allow clients to expend the item. These are ordinary strategies yet powerful approaches to advance the product. Psychology straightforwardly impacts the showcasing apparatuses; it builds up a way that built up the business by understanding the customer’s desire. It is a useful concept to know about the organizations with the purchasers’ need and basically break down their desires and set up the hotspot for advancement to the organization.

The theoretical concepts contributed to explaining the consumer perception, attitude and behavioural framework, which is influenced by marketing. The targeted market is based on positive perception about a product, so that company can create a better product to respond to consumer wants and needs. This study is found to be helpful for future research because it has explained key dimensions of marketing under promotional tools that work coherently to alter consumer behaviour.

References

Fraj-Andrés, E., &Martínez-Salinas, E. (2007). Impact of Environmental Knowledge on Ecological Consumer Behaviour. Journal Of International Consumer Marketing, 19(3), 73-102. doi: 10.1300/j046v19n03_05

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Jerman, D., &Završnik, B. (2013). The Impact of Marketing Communications On Customer’s Response. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2237920

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Ashraf, M., Naeem, M., &Shahzadi, M. (2017). Impact of Branding on Consumer Buying Behavior: An Evidence of Footwear Industry of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 7(7). doi: 10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i7/3124

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Art History

Ancient Greece, Byzantine Empire, China in 1200s, Neolithic Age, New Media and Technology, Roman Empire, The Islamic World

Pages:10

Section 1

The Roman Empire: In what ways did Roman emperors use coinage/art/architecture to communicate their message?

The Roman Empire is famous for its art and architecture. It represented an important part of their society, culture, and intellectual value. The Roman emperors used the art, coinage, and architecture to deliver or send out messages. The whole concept is also known as “persuasion and propaganda.” These messages were to create certain impressions in front of the local public about the emperor such as his power and influence. For example, Augustus, the roman emperor showcased the Ara PacisAugustae. The name of the sculpture itself means “The Alter of Peace” and was dedicated to the roman goddess of peace, Pax. He implied that he has long connection with the Romans and hence, he was the rightful heir to the throne, after three years in Hispania and Gaul, to Julius Caesar. In this way, he told the people that he was rightfully ruling over them and dominating them. The presence of the emperor was felt everywhere. He had begun a new age (Kleiner, pp 202).

Another example of the emperor Trajan can be given here as well. He was a really powerful general and during his time the empire was all over Europe, West Asia and North Africa. To showcase his success in battles, he also used art and architecture. He put the Column of Trajan in Rome to show the defeat of Dacia which we know as Romania today. The 625 feet column documents the battle against the army of Dacia. He personally directed how this column was to be made (Kleiner, pp 213).

Byzantine Empire: What are the main ways Byzantine art changed if you were to compare a work from the beginning and final years of this empire?

The Byzantine Empire started as the Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire. While West of the Roman Empire was lost, it was ruled by Constantine who made some changes to the otherwise roman culture and values in the empire. While historians later called the empire Byzantine, back then the natives still considered themselves as roman. In the Early Byzantine era, Christian culture was getting more and more portrayed in the art. Architecture was also centered to Christianity with the building of various churches such as the famous Hagia Sophia. The early age shows the integration of the Greek and Christian cultures through the art of that time. As time progressed and the empire had to face a lot of enemies such as the Arabs, changes were seen in the expression of art as well. So, down the lane the art was influenced by Persian and Islamic cultures. The HagiaSophia was built under the rule of Justinian and it was the largest church in the world. Eventually, as the Byzantine era ended and the Ottoman Empire took its place, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque (Kleiner, pp 268).

Icons, and art of manuscripts became popular in the early era such as the Sinai Icons and the manuscript Vienna Genesis. Then in the middle era icons were replaced by mosaic figures Empress Theodora (Kleiner, pp 279). Decorative walls with exquisite carvings and wall paintings became popular. In the late Byzantine Empire mural paintings depicting Christ were the representation of art such as the painting in the Church of Christ in Chora (Kleiner, pp 288).

Ancient Greece: What is the Canon of Polykleitos, and how does it shape the representation of the body in classical art?

In literal terms canon here means a rule (of proportion). The ancients Greeks were of the mindset that anything can be made “beautiful” if it was constructed with accurate proportions and size. So, they needed a canon of proportion to make the accurate human figure and for buildings too. The fifth century sculptor then wrote a disquisition (or “treatise”) called the Canon of Polykleitos where he described his formula for the perfectly proportionate human statue. Another ancient philosopher, Pythagoras of Samos, also believed that beauty lied in harmony of numeric ratios. Polykleitos then followed the same reasoning to come up with the perfect statue which was based on mathematical formula (Kleiner, pp 131). Symmetry played a huge role in his philosophy, every body part was in some sort of symmetry to each other. He built a statue on the basis of his formula and called it Canon(Kleiner, pp 131).

Hence, the human body in Greek classical art is viewed as a product of perfection and precision of design and mathematics. After a Polykleitos, Lysippos followed the same footsteps and sculpted the human body which were slightly slender than Polykleitos and also their heads one-eighth the size of the body rather than one-seventh as it was previously. Lysippos work was also very well celebrated so much so that he made the portrait for Alexander the Great. Overall, both sculptors showed athleticism energy in their statues where Lysippos were more about showing different angles (apoxyomenos) rather the Polykleitos (Doryphoros). so, conclusively, the depiction of the human body is one that is athletic and perfectly balanced in terms of physical, mental or spiritual aspects (Kleiner, pp 146).

Section 2

New Media and Technology: With reference to three illustrations from three different periods covered so far in the class, how do media and/or specific technologies make innovations in art/architecture possible?

Media and technology have always played an important role in the betterment of how things are conducted or structured. Technology helps in bringing innovation. It has been doing so since the beginning of time. From cave men till the present day, we all have been influenced by different kinds of technology which have updated the life around us, mostly for the better than not. Similarly, emergence of new technologies had the same effect on art and architecture throughout various historical periods. Technology helped art and architecture evolve.

Neolithic Age

The first example of this can be seen from the new stone age or the Neolithic Age (9000-2300 BC), where people learned the art of making stone temples, like the GobekliTepe in Anatolia, and sculptures. Unlike previously when most of the art from the Paleolithic age wasn’t able to survive because it comprised mostly of small figurines and images on cave walls. In the new stone age, art is seen to be taking a more solidified form large sculptures and life-size skulls. It was the age of tools such as the ax, adz heads, chisels, and gouges which were made up of stones. They even learned how to polish the tools with abrasives. Pottery art emerged as well which brought the technology of metalworking. Eventually metal tools and weapons emerged as well such as copper and bronze. This technology spread fast. Today we still use evolved and modernized versions of these tools in our daily lives and they have contributed a lot, obviously, for art and architecture (Kleiner, pp 24)

The Roman Empire

The second example can be given from the Roman Empire. Amazing buildings and architectural masterpieces that were built during the Roman empire were the product of technological innovation and advancement in concrete technology. Such as the Pompeii Amphitheatre, it is the oldest example of Roman concrete technology (Kleiner, 192). Another is the Hadrian’s Pantheon which is another marvel of concrete technology and also the largest ancient dome (Kleiner, pp 216). France was known to be the center of innovation in these regards. It is said that the architects of the Holy Roman empire have led the way when it comes to extraordinary and exquisite large buildings. Ever since the romans introduced the world to the use of concrete, we have been dependent on it ever since. It has become an integral part of architecture. Not only this but romans used concrete also to build marine structures to safeguard their harbors which withstood erosive salt water for over 2000 years. Even in the present day, it is difficult to recreate such masterpieces or to even land with the type of concrete romans used. Science is trying to explain its resilience. The recipe romans used to make their concrete was such that the product could with stand harsh environmental conditions such as seawater that our present-day concrete cannot. The mixture included volcanic ash, seawater, lime, and volcanic rock. Traces of another mineral called aluminous tobermorite was also found in it. This mineral is very difficult to create in lab settings even today and is thought to be responsible for the resilience in the concrete.

China in 1200s

The emergence and evolution of paints has also of course, been very relevant and important to the world of art. Some of the earliest forms of paintings can be dated back to the 13^th century China. Mural paintings were found in caves (Kleiner, pp 485). They used round tapered brush, soot-based ink, and silk or paper to either write or draw. They were very skilled when it came to contouring and interior details. Furthermore, the Chinese also used richly colored minerals as substitutes for pigments, “finelyground and suspendedin a gluey medium, and watery washesof mineral and vegetable dyes.” (Kleiner, pp 489) They used handscrolls, hanging rolls, dry leaves and holding fans to make drawings. The paints made with naturally occurring materials such as minerals, saps et cetera have now been replaced by synthetic paints.

The technology that we are surrounded with today can all be related back to the ancient periods. Ancient people were the ones who came up with the ideas and inventions that we have evolved and bettered for our use today. Technology and media are constantly evolving and with them so has art and architecture.

Group and Personal Identity: With reference to three illustrations from three different periods covered so far in the class, how have art/architecture aimed to consolidate group and/or personal identity?

Art and architecture play an important role in showcasing the identity of a group or a society. Throughout history we have seen how different eras had distinctive features and characteristics in their way of expression which was in the form of different types of arts whether it be writing, paintings, sculptors or architecture. In fact, it is through their art that we know them today and we are able to make judgements regarding their societal structures and cultures. Some of the identities that can be understood through art are related to gender and religion. Examples of their depictions can be seen through various historical periods such as the Roman Empire and the Islamic world.

The Roman Empire

We will talk about some characteristics of the Roman Empire that can be extracted from particular sculptures. For example, in Republican Rome the noble families (patricians) or more particularly their men, were differentiated from the common roman masses if they had self-sculptures and portraits. Which is why many unique statues can be found dated back to even the first century BC such as the statue of a man wearing a Toga and holding thebusts of his father and grandfather. The toga represents the badge of citizenship in Rome(Kleiners, pp 187).

Another important observation was that most portraits were of men of older ages. This shows that women were not associated with the same levels of nobility as men. They were found only occasionally. This also shows that only elder men had power in the Roman Republic. The sculptures also do not appear to be making those men any handsomer. In fact, they often exaggerated their less attractive features such as baldness and wrinkles, or just their actual distinctive features. For example, the portrait of the head of priest. It is highly detailed with all the unique facial features. Such portraits also show that traits such as seriousness, determination, loyalty were admired virtues in the Roman empire(Kleiners, pp 188).

Apart from noble man, sculptures and portraits were commissioned by ordinary people as well especially slaves. This depicts how slavery was common in the roman empire. Rich people owned hundreds of slaves but even the poor people could afford to have one or two as well. The practice was really common in the roman world. Some of the slaves were freed but many died in the service of their owners old or new. Some prominent artworks were those that were commissioned by freedmen or freedwomen. One such relief shows two men and one woman, all called Gessius. In the centre is their owner. The slaves are the property of their owners and even after they were freed, they could not serve in the Roman army despite earning the title of people. The relief portrays their gratitude to their ex-owner for granting them freedom (Kleiners, pp 190).

The Islamic World

The Islamic world also has forms of artistic expressions that portray the image of different aspects of Islamic society and identity of muslims. The rise of Islam brought a whole new world of art and architecture and traditions. So much so that it replaced the old Greece-Roman art in the Middle East and North Africa. While in India, Islamic rule brought Islamic art and architecture in South Asia. One of the most famous buildings of Islamic architecture is in fact the Taj Mahal in Agra, India (Kleiners, pp 293).

Moreover, most of Islamic architecture is focused on mosques which entails that the muslim faith and religious practices were very important and celebrated. Mosques were more than just centres for worship. They were also the place where social gatherings and meetings were held. Islam brought about a completely new unique way of life as compared to its predecessors and that reflected in the art and architecture created by Muslim artists. Calligraphy (of Quranic verses often) is a very prominent part of Islamic art. It was seen in paintings, carvings, on walls et cetera. One would not find a lot of human sculptures of paintings in Islamic art as they Would in, for example, Roman art. This is because it was discouraged in Islam to draw or recreate the human form according to the belief that this ability only lies within the hands of God. A lot of copies of the scripture of the Quran were made as a form of art as well. they were made exquisitely with gold and other patterns (Kleiner, pp 305).

Section 3

In a reflective paragraph (100 words or less) describe how your position on, or feeling about the history of art has been altered by what you’ve seen and read so far in the class.

We often tend to underestimate the importance of history because we are too concerned about the present or the future. We forget that our presents and our future have been derived from historical events in the first place. History of art allows us to enter the culture and society of those whose history we study. It allows us to join the pieces together regarding the past and its people. Previously I did not see its relevance as I do now after having studied it. It is not only intriguing but mind-opening towards undiscovered perspectives that go unnoticed by the naked eye.

References

kleiner, fred s. Gardner’ s Art Through The Ages: A Global History. Boston : Cengage, 2020.

Conflict Management

Accounting, and Power, Culture and Materiality, Numeracy, Symbolic and Instrumental Approaches

Pages:10

Symbolic and Instrumental Approaches

Can you describe what goes on when someone uses a definition of culture anti-conceptually? Can you give an example from our reading?

Using an anti-concept definition of culture creates an ambiguity. Cultural analysis should be guessing at meaning, assessing the guesses, and drawing explanatory conclusions from the better theories; not discovering the mountains of definition. An-anti concept of culture lies on the belief that culture is power, which is perhaps a false assortment. Culture is a context in through which we understand civilization, clans, and human behavior; what they live through, the formulae they use to define what happens to them Using an anti-concept of culture makes a delusional perception of one’s mind characteristics, personality, cognitive structure, or whatever. One assumes that it works the same among them as it does among us, as lack of familiarity with the imaginative universe within which their acts are signed. As Wittgenstein said, “one human being can be a complete enigma to another, without understanding the mastery of their language, their people, and if one does not know that then he cannot see his feet with them.” Entities tend to get blurred when an anti-concept of culture is defined. Culture is formed from psychological structures through which groups and individuals guide their behavior. One has to believe in operating in a manner acceptable to its members. A social code exists in every culture, and an anti-concept refracts that code.

This concept is best explained by Ryle, on his discussion of “Thinking of thoughts.” He explains that two boys are sitting, facing each other. Both of them are contracting the eyelids of their right eyes. In one, this is an involuntary twitch, in the other, a conspiratorial signal to a friend. The two movements are identical, and one could not tell which one was twitch and which one was a wink of if both were twitching or if both were wink. The winker is communicating uniquely, imparting a particular message. As Ryle points out, the winker has done two things contracted his eyelids and winked, while the twitcher has done only one thing, pledged his eyelid. Recruiting your eyelid on purpose when there is a public code which so doing is count as winking. Now, suppose there is a third boy who parodies the first boy’s wink. He does it identically the same way as the other two; but this boy is nor winking nor twitching, he is parodying someone else. Here, too, a social code exists and also a message. If the other think he is winking or twitching, this whole project misfires completely. Even we can go further by saying that he not winking, nor twitching nor parodying he is rehearsing; he has been doing practice with a mirror in the past. From this is affirmed that culture public because meaning is. You cannot wink without knowing what counts as a wink or how to contract your eyelids. Knowing how to wink is(Geertz, 1973)

Can you describe two different operationalization of culture and explain the benefits and limitations of those approaches?

National culture is more distinguishable to foreigners than to the nationals themselves. When we live within a country, we do not discover what we have in common our citizens, we only know what makes us different from them.

Management and organizations are culturally dependent because managing and organizing involve manipulating symbols which have meaning to the people who are managing and managed. Many organizations have adopted foreign management techniques into their culture; this happened in Japan, where mainly U.S. management theories were taken over but in an adapted form. This adaptation led to entirely new ways of practice which in the Japanese case were highly successful. One example is the Quality Control Circle. The Quality Control Circle has been so useful in Japan that now the Americans are bringing it back to the U.S. Still, it isn’t very certain whether most of its present U.S. protagonists realize the role that Japanese educational and social conditions play in the ability of Japanese workers to function effectively in a Quality Control Circle. Not all other countries have been as fortunate as Japan in that a successful adaptation of American management theories and practices could take place. In Europe but even more often in Third World countries, foreign management methods and ideas were indiscriminately imported as a part of “technology transfer.” The evident failure of much of the international development assistance of the 60s and 70s is at least partly due to this lack of cultural sensitivity in the transfer of management ideas. It has caused enormous economic losses and human suffering. Most present-day management theories are “ethnocentric,” that is, they take the cultural environment of the theorist for granted. What we need is more cultural sensitivity in management theories; we could call the result of organizational anthropology or management anthropology. Is unlikely to be the product of one single country’s intellectual effort; it needs by definition a synergy between ideas from different sources. The convergence of management will never come. What we can bring about is an understanding of how the culture in which we grew up and which is dear to us affects our thinking differently from other peoples’ thinking, and what this means for the transfer of management practices andtheories(Hofstede, 1983)

Numeracy, Accounting, and Power

Can you explain why control over numbers, numeracy, and abstraction leads to concentrations of social power?

The control over numeracy and accuracy leads to social power; this was practices by the organization of tobacco in Spain. They used disciplinary cost accounting practices in the RTF, which was linked to the state’s recognition of the importance of tobacco revenue to the treasury and also the RTF was recognized as the symbol industrial prestige. It was noted that the cost accounting practices provided information and techniques that contributed to the promotion of strict work discipline, which helped in the reduction of theft and also culminated in minimizing the cost of production. The cost accounting system used the expected cost of direct labor and material consumption for those parts of the production process that were not susceptible to adequate supervision. They also provided calculations of various expenses. This practice tended to single out the controllable elements of value. Actual production cost was mainly used in experiments seeking to improve production and particular tasks. The quantification of human effort and skill, through the development of different measures – like rate and mix of utilization – which creates a new potential for the those at the top hierarchy to engage in a position of power and management. With these measures, they can compare, differentiate, hierarchize, normalize, and homogenize individuals. They can even isolate and dismiss individuals. Hence, disciplinary power is an exercise through itsindivisibility (Fernando, n.d.)

Can you narrate different cases of attitudes towards accounting in a business or among a group of people?

The two types of ERM model can best explain two different attitudes towards accounting in business; one driven by the shareholder value imperative and the other corresponding to the demand of the risk-based internal control essential. The shareholders’ value imperative drives a particular model of ERM in which risk management is a fundamental feature. It is ERM by the numbers. It is contingent on a vision of uniting and controlling risk & return. This model requires the quantification of risk silos and risk capital need of business. The essential significance of this model is derived through strategic planning and performance management. It is diagnostic. It corresponds to risk management in strategy setting with planning control and using it to manage risk within the company’s risk appetite.

However, the risk-based control imperative is prominent with holistic risk management. It focuses on qualitative assessment; risk management exercises are flexible, allowing the negotiations of risk limits when the business requires it. It is keen to acquire business insights to present an opinion on risk issues that are beyond quantifiable risk-framework. It is interactive. It corresponds more directly to the design requirement that risk should be appliedto (Mikes, 2009)

Can you explain what consequences those attitudes towards accounting have for the actions of the given business or group of people?

Under the definition of operational risk, one finds both quantifiable and non-quantifiable risk. Therefore, businesses need to apply a set of operational risks that are relevant to them. Companies will likely pick issues for entrance into the remit of the executive risk controller. Based on the difference between the two approaches, businesses could expect that with time the management of operational risk will take separate routes, depending on the ERM model they’re adopting. Moreover, further studies on the dynamic of risk management are vital to confirm the validity of each attitude. The study suggested that the interface between accounting and risk-management is riddled with tensions. The quantitative risk approach allowed risk managers to address the problem of risk aggregation, which allowed the risk specialists to examine the risk profile of the institution, set limits, and do the same for separate business units.

The ideal of risk-based management required risk managers to focus on quantifiable risks. Their commitment to a calculative culture of managing risk by the numbers resulted in a boundary around their remit that prevented them from gaining access to the framing of non-quantifiable risk issues. The ideal of holistic risk management was frustrated; hence the paradox of resolving the challenges of risk computation; by doing so, the risk function’s limit became confined and inflexible. The role might have become a cog in the wheel of value creation, but it was not part of the strategicengine (Mikes, 2009).

Culture and Materiality

Can you explain the way in which material objects acquire cultural meaning?

Material objects, especially clothing items, can acquire cultural meaning. They sometimes not only represent people but constitute who they really are. An excellent example is the ‘Sari.’ A ‘Sari’ is a piece of cloth, around 6 meters long, worn by women in India. The Sari represents who they are; it represents their identity and makes a woman who she is. The ‘Pallu’ is a more decorated and free end of the Sari which falls over the left shoulder down to the waist. The Pallu represents an artificial decorated quality of the garment that is not shared by any western clothing. It is so remarkable who the Pallu, although the Sari, represents a complete set of culture, hot it reflects a woman’s belief and values. The Pallu is a haven for an embarrassed face and a cover for unfitting emotion. As an outsider, when one enters a village where all the women wear a sari, he must assume that this has become natural; as something distinct and regular. A woman would have worn a sari for 30 years and still have no command over it; it is like driving a car. Learning to drive a car and learning to wear a Sari both mark a shift in one’s life, sense of age; there is the feeling of becoming an adult with all the new freedom, power, constraints, and fear that growing up entails. Just as the Sari starts off as very oppressive than most western garments, it has now become a symbol of power. Men working in offices complaint that they cannot compete with women simply because they don’t wear a Sari. Moreover, the Sari is like a fellow actor, partnering on stage regularly, for which the whole presence must always be remembered. The Sari makes a woman a person who can interact with others and with the self through this continuously shifting material. A Sari can be exceedingly supportive, when attended to, helping to accomplish all the manner of tasks. But, when ignored, it can be quick to betray and destroy one’s respect and honor, causing other to judge harshly. Such diverse and uncertain experiences with the Sari have a far-reaching bearing upon a woman’s life and sense of herself. There are, however, a multitude of varying expectations and experiences that are the direct result of wearing a particular item of clothing (Miller, n.d.)

Can you offer two different examples of ways that groups have distinguished themselves due to their use of clothing? Why do they dress the way that they do?

A qualitative study done in a rehabilitation center showed how organization members use their dress to represent themselves and negotiate issues. The study showed that the dress took on various and often contradictory meanings. Patients who wear pajamas and see hospital garb around them think of themselves as sick. If patients and their caretakers wear street clothes, then patients are more likely to feel that they are moving out of the sick role and into the rehabilitation. They will have a firm belief that they are ready for life outside the hospital. This is the rehab philosophy, and this is what is distinguish it from the other units.

Moreover, health and medical professionals believe their work is professional by taking care of sick patients; they examine their body fluids and get the patients’ slime all over their clothes and body. Therefore, they’re dressed in scrubs. Both groups work in the same hospital. Yet the portrayals of who they are and who they take care of are remarkably distinguished by their dresses. Dress serves as a symbol that facilitates an organization, like the hospital. Dress serves as a convenient and useful window allowing members of the hospital to look at the multiple and competing for social identities inherent in the hospital (Whetten, 1985) (Dukerich, 1991). The appropriateness of each form of dress facilitated the issues related to the mission, clients, roles, and status of each nurse. The meaning of a symbol, such as the street cloth and scrub, within one organization, like the hospital, may differ from its purpose in another organization or at a different place and time within the same organization. The rehab center members in the hospital wear street clothes because they rehabilitate the clients by giving them information, knowledge, and expertise. The focus is on showing them identify a new state of health. They want the patients to see a difference between the acute care unit and the rehabilitation center. They feel comfortable seeing street clothes; they see a transition in their health and the clothes are the sign of that.

Moreover, the members in the medical unit are likely to wear scrubs because of the acute condition and treatment of patients. The study suggested that symbols represent not only core values and beliefs but also several event-driven issues within an organization. In the case of the hospital, the dress symbolized the change in the patient population. Each dress represents a unit’s mission, patients and employees’role (Rafaeli, n.d.)

References

Dukerich, D. a., 1991. Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity organizational adaptation, s.l.: s.n.

Fernando, M. &. S. &., n.d. CONTROL AND COST ACCOUNTING PRACTICES IN THE SPANISH ROYAL TOBACCO COMPANY, s.l.: s.n.

Geertz, C., 1973. Thick Description: Toward an interpretive Theory of Culture, s.l.: s.n.

Hofstede, G., 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories , s.l.: s.n.

Mikes, A., 2009. Risk Management and Calculative Cultures , s.l.: s.n.

Miller, D., n.d. Why Clothing is Not Superficial . In: s.l.:s.n.

Rafaeli, M. G. P. &. A., n.d. Organizational Dress as a symbol of Multilayered Social Indetities , s.l.: s.n.

Whetten, A. a., 1985. Research in organizational behavior , s.l.: s.n.

Mergers & Acquisitions

Pages:3

Discuss the theoretical arguments in relation to neoclassical and managerial motives of takeovers

The ‘neoclassical’ set of theories suggests that firms will engage in takeovers if this leads to an increase in wealth for the shareholders of the acquiring company. The increase in wealth may arise from the following areas

Economies of scale. M&A brings together two or more firms into one. Consequently, the merged entity increases its size, and as such the realization of economies of scale is envisaged.
Firstly, it is argued that lower interest rates are charged because larger firms are usually perceived as being less risky than smaller firms. Secondly, it is argued that the transaction costs involved in raising finance become proportionately lower as the amount of finance required increases.

However, the ‘managerial’ school of merger motives upholds the view that management will seek to maximize its on utility whether or not this is consistent with the maximization of shareholder wealth. Firms will maximize sales not profits. Firms maximize a sustainable growth level, at which profitability is constant. Moreover, in conditions of imperfect competition improvements in efficiency are likely to be offset by increases in costs due to management slack. Hence, mergers will probably not improve profitability, even if efficiency gains are expected to occur.

To what extent do mergers and acquisitions (M&A) impact on the wealth of shareholders?

We live in a low inflation and low interest rate situation, so it is a big incentive for the corporates to take transformative decisions. One of the main objectives of mergers is to maximize the shareholders’ value by the means of increase in dividends and increase in share prices, so the shareholders can enjoy the capital gains. But, is almost two third of cases, mergers produce wealth gains for target shareholders and more or less zero gains to acquirers. the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of target firm has been increased to 14.8% after merger and the bidding firm loose a significant 2.2%, whereas the combined firm neither created nor destroyed the shareholders’ value. Also, the long term performance is improved when mergers involve inefficient bidders, payment not just made by cash and earnings are not diversified. Shareholders of the acquiring company experience a marginal loss of voting power, while shareholders of a smaller target company may see a significant erosion of their voting powers in the relatively larger pool of stakeholders. Moreover, if equity is used as a method of payment instead of cash, then merger deals earn lower returns because of the fact that equity signal to the market that the equity is overvalued.

Using one example, discuss how event study methods can be used to test hypotheses in Finance?

An event study is a statistical method to assess the impact of an event on the value of a firm. Finance theory suggests that capital markets reflect all available information about firms in the firms’ stock prices. Given this basic premise, one can study how a particular event changes a firm’s prospects by quantifying the impact of the event on the firm’s stock. Finance scholars have developed the ‘event study methodology’ to perform this type of analysis – in its most common form, with a focus on stock returns, in less used forms, with a focus on trading volumes and volatilities. The steps for an event study are as follow:

Definition
Criteria
Normal and Abnormal Return Measurement
Estimation Procedure
Testing Procedure
Empirical Results
Interpretation

Suppose that there are two factors that affect returns: Size and B/M (Book Equity, Market Equity). We do not know whether there is a stable or linear relationship, then what to do? Sort all returns into 10 deciles according to size. Compute the average return of the 100 portfolios for each period; this gives us the expected returns of stocks given the characteristics.

For each stock, study:

What size decile the belong.
Find in what B/M decile.

Compare the return of the stock to the corresponding portfolio return.

Deviations are called “abnormal” return.

In 1989, Frank and Harris published a study that examined the effect of over 1,800 U.K. takeovers on shareholder wealth in the period 1955–1985. It shows that around the merger announcement date targets gain 25 to 30 percent and bidders earn zero or modest gains.

The Harvard Management Company and Inflation-Protected Bonds

Harvard Management Company, Inflation-Protected Bonds

Pages:6

Case Questions

What are the goals of the Harvard Management Company (HMC)? What are its investment horizon, sources of income/revenue, spending, and growth goals?

The goal of Harvard Management Company (HMC) is to provide active strategic management to the Harvard university endowment funds. Its investment strategy aims at adding value by engaging investment professionals who actively seek superior returns across a diverse array of asset classes. In the fiscal year 2000, the company oversaw the management of $19 billion, of which $15 billion was from the endowment funds. The primary sources of income for HMC was the endowment funds (25%), tuition fees (30%), gifts, and grants.

Moreover, as of 2000, the company’s active management strategy had produced a real return of 11.3% per year for the previous ten years. However, the expenses generated by this proactive strategy had been $93.1 billion; 49 basis points of total assets under management. The long term goal for the endowment was to distribute between 4% and 5% of the endowment to the schools within Harvard University, while at the same time preserving the real value of the endowment and allowing for real growth. Harvard spending had been growing at 3% after inflation. Therefore, it would require a real return between 6% and 7%.

What are the differences between real and nominal returns? Why is HMC focusing on real returns? What other return/risk characteristics does HMC consider?

Nominal returns are what an investment generates before taxes, fees, and inflation. It is the net change in price over time. However, real yields are the actual value of returns after adjusting for inflation, income tax, and fees. The historical average rate of endowment gifts is 1%. Therefore, the goal of 4% and 5% distribution among the schools, and the continued spending of Harvard at 3% after inflation would require an investment real return goals between 6% and 7%.

To determine the relevance of an asset class for its portfolio, the HMC considered three characteristics: expected future real returns, the volatility of real returns, and the correlation of the real return on each asset class with the real return on all other asset classes. To estimate these characteristics, HMC historical data on real returns and the assessment of experts.

What are TIPS? Describe its features. How are they different from regular Treasuries? How do they protect against inflation? When do TIPS underperform Treasuries; when do they outperform?

The U.S. Treasury Inflation-Protected Bonds (TIPS) are bonds whose principal and coupons grow with the general level of prices as measured by the consumer price index (CPI). Therefore, protecting investors from the decline in the value of money contemplated by inflation.

The Inflation-Indexed Notes are issued with maturities of at least one year, but not more than ten years. However, Inflation-Indexed Bonds have maturities of more than ten years. These securities are auctioned in terms of real yield. TIPS are structured in a manner that requires changes in the coupon of the based to change the monthly level of inflation. So technically, the principal value of the security on any date equals the value at the time of issuance.

TIPS pay interest every six months based on a fixed rate determined at the bond’s auction. However, the interest payment amounts can vary since the rate is applied to the adjusted principal or value of the bond. If the principal amount is adjusted higher over time due to rising prices, the interest rate will be multiplied by the increased principal amount. As a result, investors receive higher interest or coupon payments as inflation increases. Conversely, investors will receive lower interest payments if deflation occurs. TIPS have generated higher real returns than the U.S Treasury Bills (T-Bills). TIPS are designed to protect investors from the adverse effects of rising prices over the life of the bond. The par value—principal—increases with inflation and decreases with deflation, as measured by the CPI. When TIPS mature, bondholders are paid the inflation-adjusted principal or original principal, whichever is greater. T-Bills are not inflation-adjusted, so they outperform TIPS whenever inflation goes down, and underperform when inflation goes up.

Why is HMC considering TIPS to add to their portfolio? How are TIPS returns correlated with other assets in HMC portfolio?

TIPS had offered real yield between 3.2% and 4.25%. By contrast, the real yields on T-Bills had been historically around 2%, while that on Treasury nominal bonds was about 3%. HMC believed that TIPS could be a good asset to hold in its portfolio. They thought that the real yield by TIPS suggested that a 2% real return was too low and that a better estimate was 3.5%. To study the volatility and correlation of real return on TIPS with other class of assets, HMC performed a mean-variance-analysis. The highest positive correlation witnessed was between TIPS and domestic bonds – accounted for 50% or 0.5. TIPS did not correlate with emerging markets. However, TIPS had a negative correlation with cash and foreign equity. The expected real return was 4% with a standard deviation of 3%.

Examine the mean-variance analysis in Exhibits 5 and 6. What are the assumptions? How did HMC come up with these assumptions? What do the results of this analysis indicate about the inclusion of TIPS in HMC’s portfolio?

The HMC team performed several optimization tests to find the ‘efficient frontier.” Exhibit 5 showed allocation when portfolio weights for all the included asset classes, except Cash, were bound to lie between 0% and 100%; the constraint for Cash was set between negative 50% and positive 100%. Exhibit 6 shows allocation for all asset classes, except inflation-indexed bonds, were constrained to lie between 10% points above and below the weights of the HMC portfolio that was et before the inclusion of TIPS. In this exercise, the constraint for inflation-indexed bonds was set to 0% and 100%.

Overall, the mean-variance optimizations suggested that inflation-indexed bonds were an attractive asset to hold in a portfolio. Additionally, private equity, real estate, emerging markets, and commodities were also suggested to for long positions (expected to rise).

Compare HMC’s asset allocation with other institutions’ (Exhibit 7). What are the similarities and differences?

From the mean-variance analysis, it was suggested that inflation-indexed bonds were an attractive asset to hold in a diverse portfolio. However, the results were not very conclusive. Therefore, HCM performed an analysis of other institutes and how they allocate their portfolios. From the study, it was suggested that HMC, in comparison to other institutes, had been short on cash and had higher holdings in foreign equities. HMC also had more considerable holdings in emerging markets. HMC had limited allocation in absolute returns, as compared to other institutes. Also, a long position in commodities was witnessed.

However, HMC had a high holding of domestic equities, so did other institutes. Additionally, allocation in private equities was as high as the average of other institutes.

Evaluate HMC’s decision to add TIPS to its portfolio. Do you agree with this decision? Explain. What are the advantages and disadvantages of adding TIPS? Is 7% allocation appropriate? Explain.

After careful consideration of the mean-variance optimization results, and the portfolio of peer institutes, a new Portfolio Policy was recommended that would include a unique position of TIPS of 7%, and no shorting of cash, at the expense of smaller domestic equities and domestic bonds. In the new HMC portfolio, domestic equities will constitute 22%, down from 32% a year ago, and the U.S. bonds would add up to 7%, down from 11% last year. A 1% change was made to absolute returns, commodities, and high yield. TIPS were newly added at the expense of U.S. equities, which performed well in the past.

Nonetheless, it is thought that the new portfolio was a proper formation. Although U.S. equities performed well, they were open to risk and not adjusted to inflation. The standard deviation was very high for U.S. equities as well as for domestic bonds. Even though the inflation rate in the U.S. from 1997 to 1999 was not very high, TIPS still generated a decent return. After 1999 the inflation rate was expected to rise, hence making TIPS an even better option to hold in a diverse portfolio. The inflation factor was terrible for other domestic bonds that were not inflation-protected therefore it was suggested to limit its holdings in the portfolio.

How has HMC asset class allocation changed from 1999 to 2019?

For the fiscal year ended on June 30, 2019, the return on the Harvard endowment fund was 6.5%, and the total value of assets was $40.9 billion. The allocation to public equities has increased (1999-2019) to 26%. A new asset class has been added, accounting for 33% of the total allocation, Hedge Funds. TIPS adds up to 6%, still a sustainable percentage. Allocation to private equity has been increased to 20%, which has generated a 16% return. Moreover, Natural resources have been added as a new asset class that adds up to 4%, which gave a negative 12.4% return. Cash holdings have been increased to 1% to 2%.

Nonetheless, HMC endowment allocation is relatively small to Venture Capitals (a high risk, high reward asset class), which would have generated significantly higher returns in 2018-2019.

Portrayals of Democracy Breakdown

Democracy Breakdown

Pages:4

Animal Farm and Lord of flies, both have depictions of Democracy breakdown. Inanimal Farm, animals were dictated every step of the way by NapoleonLikewise, in Lord of Flies, Jack becomes bossy on others. He is arrogant and makes them feel like he knows more than they do and order others to do things.

In Chapter 2, Napoleon says, “Never mind the milk, comrades!” cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. “That will be attended to. The harvest is more important”. This shows Napoleon lust for power. He is a clear dictator on the sheep’s as he makes them chant this phrase repeatedly. He doesn’t wants to share the milk but saves it for the other pigs. He makes them chant it like a mantra and shows this pig as being a monster.Aldino Hartan in his article, Dictatorship Of The Proletariat In George Orwell’s Animal Farm Novel (1945) : A Marxist Analysis, describes Napoleon as a dictator. He schemes alongside the hounds to take over the leadership. (Hartan, 2019)Napoleons actions depict him as a dictator with lust for power. Further, in Chapter 3, Orwell writes about the puppies, “As soon as they were weaned, Napoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that he would make himself responsible for their education.” This is another example of dictatorship where the puppies away to train them. . Stalin was also a dictator like these used to scare the animals in the faUsing them to keep the other animals in check is what a dictator would dorm.Hartan in his article refers to this predicament as another example of Dictatorship as he was using violence and fear to put the animals in their place and make them feel sad and down.(Hartan, 2019)Hartan’s perspectives that Napoleon is actuallya brute dictator who used terror to silent the other animals at the farm.Napoleon says, “Comrades, do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!”This directs towards the realization that Napoleon was a tyrant who wanted to derail Snowball as the leader.He wanted to use this predicament in his favor and turn all others against his opponent is an example of breaking down democracy and introducing dictatorship. John Rodden in his article refers to “Napoleon as the dictator Stalin”. (Rodden, 1999) Stalin also had the lust for power and he made the wholea s snowball was the true leader of the animals that is why he was maligning his name the most to turn them against him.

Lord of the Flies

In Lord of Flies, Jack says,“And you shut up! Who are you, anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do. You can’t hunt, you can’t sing—”(Golding, 54)This is another example of demeaning and making other feel small about themselves. Leaders do not make other feel bad about themselves to feel big. They take the team with them and motivate them every step of the way. They don’t tell the team member to shut up or mock them by saying who are you anyway. This is not just insulting but shameful but openly depicts that Jack is ab autocratic leader and only believes in giving order rather than taking the team onward with him.Jack in Chapter 4 said, I painted my face—I stole up. Now you eat—all of you—and I—”(Golding, 54)This is a portrayal of Democracy breakdown as jack yelled at his team to obey him. This is a very harsh tone used by Jack and the choice of words is very insulting. LIU Li in her article, “The Application of Frye’s Theory to Lord of the Flies” describes jack as Satanic. (Li, 2014) His actions are trulySatanic in nature and wants to the democratic breakdown. Li presents his character as someone who is demonic in nature and loves being savage to others. Golding presents him as self-absorbed about himself and forces others do what he wants that make him a complete dictator. He is the least likeable character in the novel due to his dictator attitude and at every step of the way; we find one new reason to dislike him with his actions. He is very rude and has no right to demean others.Jack further says,“Hands up?” said Jack strongly, “Whoever wants Ralph not to be chief?”(Golding, 54)These words depict thatGolding shows the characterof jack asrude and a dictator who wants to be the chosen chief.He wasa control freak and made those in her teamsuffer. Ralph represents democracy and listen to others. Jackon the other hand symbolizes dictatorship shamelessly shapes the minds of other team members as Ralph. Hedrift’s away from the process of a democratic system by which Ralph was selected as the chief of the team. Asking them to raise hands against him is itself a portrayal of democracy breakdown in Lord of the Flies.

In the light of this evidence, it’s concluded on the fact that from it is proven that there was characters in both the novels and they were the Portrayal of democracy breakdown. Jack was the dictator in Lord of the Flies and repeatedly he showed signed of overlapping the democratic process at every level. Repeatedly proved of being so. On the other hand, Napoleon in Animal farm was the dictator anddespite the animals but also for the fellow human beings as well.

References

Golding, W. (1954). Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber.

Orwell, G. (1945). Animal farm. Secker and Warburg.

Hartan, A. (2019). Dictatorship Of the Proletariat In George Orwell’s Animal Farm Novel (1945) : A Marxist Analysis. Retrieved from http://eprints.ums.ac.id: http://eprints.ums.ac.id/71994/

Li, L. (2014). The Application of Frye’s Theory to Lord of the Flies. Studies in Literature and Language, 187-189. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/644662/summary

Rodden, J. (1999). Understanding Animal Farm: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents.

Oppression

Oppression

Pages:4

Animal Farm is George Orwell’s allegorical novel that describes the stories of a group of animals that turn out as rebels against their oppressing human farmers.William Golding in his novel “Lord of the Flies” describes the story of a group of British students that are stranded on an island and later form groups to govern themselves.Orwell and Golding present their Animal Farm and Lord of Flies that refers to oppression that they observed in societies around them.

Orwell was a critic of the Stalin, and his novel Animal farm is the Russian Revolution’s metaphor. Characters in the novel represent actual people and Napoleon and his fellow pigs were actually metaphors for Kremlin. He focused on writing about the greed and lust for power. The In Animal farm, Orwell’s mentions, “Four legged good, two legs bad”(Orwell, 1945) He saw that the leaders had drifted away from Marxism and he used these lines to relate to that era’s leader. This line represents the idea that not all humans are equal. Dinesh Kumar in his articles agrees with the mindset of refers to the “Vision of Society in George Orwell’s Animal Farm” describes how Orwell expressed his views on authoritarianism andtotalitarianism regarding the globe world through symbolically using the character’s in the novel, regarding Oppression, Tyranny and injustice. (Kumar, 2014) This reinforces oppression as a theme of the novel.“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”(Orwell, 1945)Here, Orwell refers to a satirical presentation of the idea regarding all the animals as being equals, yet some are equal. He referred to are equal in everything except the ones that is chosen by humans as leaders. Napoleon in this Novel represents Stalin and Orwell symbolizes the started wearing clothes that were not allowed for animals. He also started to walk on two legs. Furthermore “If you have your lower animals to contend with,” he said, “we have our lower classes”(Orwell, 1945)refers to the class system in animals as well as human beings. Animals have classes where some are weak, and some are strong. Some are fast, and some are slow. That is what ranks them from lower to the upper tier in the animals. On the other hand, there are classes in human beings as well. Golding

Likewise there is oppression in Lord of FliesI ought to be chief…because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp.(Golding, 1954)Jack uses these words to claim to be the natural leader of the boys. His choice of words depicts his oppressive attitude towards others. One who claims by himself that he is the one deserving to be the leader of the group claiming he can sing C sharp? with the notion that Jack was actually an oppressor that represents savagery. Xiaofang Li in her article, “On Symbolic Significance of Characters in Lord of the Flies” refers to jack in the exact word as a savage. He is a dictator by nature and forces the followers to do so. (Li, 2009)Jack attitude towards other is belittling and he doesn’t respect his team mates.Golding further writes, “His specs – use them as burning glasses!”(Golding, 1954) Another highly demeaning and insulting comment that Jack passes is for Piggy’s glasses. Soon as they feel the need for fire, Jack refers to piggy’s glasses that can be used as fire. This is another insulting comment by Jack for one of the group members that yet again represents the word oppression. He is so arrogant that in spite of looking for some woods for fire, the first idea that comes to his genius mind is to use his group member’s glasses to be used for fire.Eat! Damn you!(Golding, 1954)These are words used by Jack for his team members soon as he manages to kill the pig, he asks the team members to eat it in his honor. This is another example of oppression where he oppresses his team member to do something against their will and be happy with it as well. Li in her article writes about Jack choosing to hunt because of his urge for blood and that he wants to share a conquest of killing something and enjoy the pleasure of taking life. (Li, 2009) This depicts his autocratic attitude towards others and his oppressive attitude depicts by it. His wants to prove himself strong and powerful. This makes him the symbol of oppression in Lord of the Flies.

In the light of this evidence, it can be concluded on the fact that there was the portrayal of oppression by characters in both the novels. Jack in Lord of the Flies was the oppressor that time and again proved of being a oppressor in the novel by his actions. On the other hand, Napoleon in Animal farm was the oppressors.He was an oppressor who took charge from snowball by force. His personality changed soon as he became the oppressing leader in Animal Farm..Hence, both Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies had the element of oppression in it.

References

Golding, W. (1954). Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber.

Kumar, D. (2014). Vision of Society in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. International Journal of Research, 89-99. Retrieved from www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.675.6294&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Li, X. (2009). On Symbolic Significance of Characters in Lord of the Flies. School of Foreign Languages, 119-123. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/644662/summary

Orwell, G. (1945). Animal farm. Secker and Warburg.

Personalization & Earned Media

Earned Media, Personalization

Pages:2

Discussion 6

There is a strong relationship between content & personalization. Persona’s play an integral role in the making of a material as the content nowadays revolves around the persona rather than the other way around. The content is turning into a secondary thing. Adding to these is the channel mix that plays a very pertinent role in effective outreach of the material. If the persona is impactful & so is the research as well as content yet the channels are chosen are a flop, it would make the whole predicament worse. Hence it is an essential element to understand that all the three are made and executed in the most efficient manner. Likewise, if the content is strong, yet the persona is a flop, that will also ruin the final target. It can only be achieved if the execution of all the three elements is flawless & made in the most appropriate and according manner as required. Hence we conclude that there is an essential relationship amongst content & personalization that needs to be realized while formulating either one of them. This is the only way to attain perfection that will the product presented to the viewers in the end.

Discussion 7

The tools, as well as tactics used in terms of Earned Media, are paid promotions on the media. These can be the TV & Social Media ads that are displayed on various mediums that impact the overall process. The aspect of not giving any medium the advertisement to run can turn out as reactive, and In this case, they can turn out in the form of negative reviews. The proactive approach solves the problems even before the issue is set to originate. This makes it dead before anyone notices. The reactive approach responsively deals with the issue after it occurs. It does not respond prior to the point originating & the problem is dealt with via paid promotion on all tools that are available. Comparatively, the later seems weak as due to the reason that if the news that wasn’t supposed to get out is out.There is little that one can do in that predicament if it is over. Apart from them, influencers from the social media also play a role in building the trust of the rand. These tools are useful, considering the modern day needs of integrated PR that includes all mediums to focus on the brand.

Public harassment

Public harassment

Pages:3

Requirements:

The first part of your final project is a written paper, 5 double-spaced, 12 font pages. In the paper, you will identify a social justice issue present at UA. You will include 3-4 references to course readings to describe why this issue matters and how it impacts learning/teaching. You will offer specifics about how the issue manifests at UA and you will offer an action plan to address the issue. Included in the action plan, you should have a list of resources—organizations, websites, groups—on which you can draw to implement your action plan. For instance, if you identify, sexual harassment, in the form of cat calling and whistling at women on campus, you might include UA’s Women’s Resource Center http://wrc.arizona.edu/ and Stop Street Harassment http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/ as resources and

allies.

Answers:

The term “Public harassment” stands for action, comment, or joke passed in sexual or any other persuasive form, consisting of unwelcome remarks, whistling, trapping, disclosure, or any other sexual behavior in any public place. All of this comes under the definition of Public harassment. Any such sort of touching to strangers in public areas such as parks, public transport, malls, college, etc. It is highly uncomfortable & crime in the eyes of the law across the world. All such explicit comments made to any girl or women can make their life in public very difficult. This study will shed light on causes & various forms of public harassment& suggest the solutions.

According to organization Stop street harassment, around 65% of the females on the street report on being harassed. Approximately 104 million women across the world complain of feeling harassed by strangers. They hear remarks that are sexually explicit & make their life on the street extremely uncomfortable. They think too much agony & it frustrates them to move freely. Such actions at society level are not just condemnable. It is mostly done by strangers & limits the person from moving freely in that area. It is a human rights violation & needs to be addressed right away. (stopstreetharassment.org, 2020)

It also includes homophobic comments that insult the other person. Regardless of what that person chooses in terms of personal relationships, making fun of them or passing such comments is very unpleasant. Catherine A Hill, in an article, discusses the issue of harassment on campus. Her book addresses the questions like, Is sexual assault common? What sorts of habits really occur? Who gets threatened & who commits harassment? Why will they do that to students who confess bullying others? Does the sexual assault impact the educational environment? It shows that colleges also have research to do to promote such an atmosphere on campus that is free from such acts and discrimination. All students have a fair chance to succeed in higher education & such action could impact their study flow. This study recorded that most college students suffer some form of sexual assault when in class, sometimes in their first year, etc. (Hill, 2005)

Zara Abrams, in an article, discusses the topic of “Sexual harassment on campus.” As per her survey results, it indicates that learners and advanced students are especially prone to misconduct by teachers inside their programs at AAU School Climate Report on Sexual Harassment and workplace abuse As per her survey, over 150,000 female graduate students who have experienced sexual harassment identified the offender as a teacher or adviser more than three times the rate of female undergraduates; female undergraduates were more likely to be harassed or assaulted by fellow students. (Abrams, 2018). This predicament suggests that on-campus harassment is not limited to students but also from teachers that make the students life at campus, extremely difficult

These are very alarming numbers that indicate that serious actions need to be taken in order to control this predicament. Schools, need to make strict laws, and all sorts of such violations should lead to very serious repercussions. A teacher who is found practicing this needs to be expelled at any cost so that an example is set for the others to follow it. Adding to that, for such students that make jokes about fellow students or bully them, there needs to be strict policies set regarding these. It can be concluded on the fact that all relevant & related authorities need to take stern action to take control of the situation before it gets worse, leading to any unwanted outcomes from either side.

References

Abrams, Z. (2018). Sexual harassment on campus. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/05/sexual-harassment

Hill, C. A. (2005, 1). Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234689142_Drawing_the_Line_Sexual_Harassment_on_Campus

stopstreetharassment.org. (2020). Share your street harassment story. Retrieved from www.stopstreetharassment.org: http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/

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Pages:

Requirements

Answer:

Works Cited

Pages:23

Background

Problem

Purpose

Definitions

Customer:

Consumers versus Customers:

Need – Want – Demand

Consumer Motive:

Buying Motive:

(i) Patronage Motives:

(ii) Product motives:

Why Study Consumer Behavior:

Importance in Daily Life:

Relevance to Decision Making:

Consumer Involvement:

Reasons for Consumer Involvement:

Product Factor;

Personal Factors:

Situational Factors;

Marketing

Marketing Tools

Frame of Reference

What is 4P’s

PRODUCT

PRICE

PLACE

PROMOTION

Method

Influence of Marketing Tools

Empirical Study

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Analysis of Empirical Data

Sales promotion

3.2. Sampling

Coupons

CONCLUSION

References

Pages:10

Section 1

Section 2

Neolithic Age

The Roman Empire

China in 1200s

The Roman Empire

The Islamic World

Section 3

References

Pages:10

Symbolic and Instrumental Approaches

Numeracy, Accounting, and Power

Culture and Materiality

References

Pages:3

Pages:6

Case Questions

Pages:4

Lord of the Flies

References

Pages:4

References

Pages:2

Discussion 6

Discussion 7

Pages:3

Requirements:

Answers:

References

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